PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of North America		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Permian of the Salt Range	Carboniferous of North America	Ordovician of Australia	Carboniferous of China	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Carboniferous of Western Europe
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Late Pleistocene				0.0117
		Chibanian								Middle Pleistocene				0.129
		Calabrian								Early Pleistocene				0.774
		Gelasian								Early Pleistocene				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Late Pliocene				2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean								Early Pliocene				3.6
	Miocene	Messinian								Late Miocene				5.333
		Tortonian								Late Miocene				7.246
		Serravallian								Middle Miocene				11.63
		Langhian								Middle Miocene				13.82
		Burdigalian								Early Miocene				15.98
		Aquitanian								Early Miocene				20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Late Oligocene				23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian								Early Oligocene				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian								Late Eocene				33.9
		Bartonian								Middle Eocene				37.71
		Lutetian								Middle Eocene				41.2
		Ypresian								Early Eocene				47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Late Paleocene				56
		Selandian								Middle Paleocene				59.2
		Danian								Early Paleocene				61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian									Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites			168.2
		Bajocian										Humphresianum		168.4
		Aalenian									Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense		174.7
											Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons			180.1
											Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			182
		Pliensbachian									Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni			184.2
		Sinemurian									Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi			192.9
		Hettangian									Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian												208.5
		Carnian												227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian												247.2
		Induan												251.2
		Induan				Kathwai								251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Kathwai								251.902
														252.4 *
						Chhidru								252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian				Chhidru								254.14
						Kalabagh								255 *
						Wargal								256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian											259.51
		Wordian	Wordian											264.28
														265.3 *
				Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian	Roadian	Amb	266.9
		Roadian	Roadian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian		Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian			Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian			Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian	Wolfcampian		Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian			Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian			Nealian	Bursumian †	293.52
		Asselian			Nealian	Bursumian †	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Virgilian		298.9
								Xiaodushanian	300 *
							Stephanian		Stephanian C				300.3 *
									Stephanian B				300.9 *
									Stephanian A				301.4 *
		Kasimovian				Missourian			Stephanian A				303.7
									Cantabrian				305 *
								Dalaun					305.8 *
						Desmoinesian							305.9 *
		Moscovian											307
							Westphalian		Westphalian D				307.4 *
									Westphalian C	309.8
						Atokan			Westphalian C	312.7 *
									Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian							Westphalian B	315.2
									Westphalian A	317 *
						Morrowan				318.4 *
								Huashibanian		318.5 *
							Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
									Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Lousuan	Marsdenian	321.2 *
									Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
									Alportian	322 *
									Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chesterian		Dewunian	Chokierian	323.2
									Arnsbergian	324 *
									Pendleian	327.4 *
								Shangsian	Pendleian	330.8 *
		Visean					Warnantian	Shangsian	Brigantian †	330.9
								Jiusian		335 *
						Meramecian				335.8 *
							Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
							Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
						Osagean	Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	343.1 *
		Tournaisian				Osagean	Tangbagouan	Ivorian		346.7
						Kinderhookian		Ivorian		351.9 *
						Kinderhookian		Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Lochkovian								410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Bolindian	443.8
		Katian								Bolindian	445.2
										Eastonian	449 *
										Gisbornian	452 *
		Sandbian		453						Gisbornian
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian						458.4
		Dapingian		Yapeenian						467.3
		Dapingian		Castlemainian						468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Chewtonian						470
				Bendigonian						471.8 *
				Lancefieldian						473.5 *
		Tremadocian		Lancefieldian						477.7
		Tremadocian	Warendian	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10			Sunwaptan					487.5
		Jiangshanian			Sunwaptan					489.5
		Jiangshanian			Steptoean					493 *
		Paibian			Steptoean					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Marjumian	Albertian †					497
		Guzhangian								Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan		Topazan							504.5
		Wuliuan		Delamaran							506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran	Branchian					Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4		Dyeran							511 *
		Stage 3		Dyeran							514
				Montezuman							514.8 *
				Montezuman	Placentian						517.1
				Begadean							519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
														538.8