PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127688 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian of North America		Cambrian of North America		Precambrian of Russia	Permian of the Pamirs	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Wanganui	Haweran			0
				Northgrippian														0.0042
				Greenlandian														0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
				Chibanian														0.129
				Chibanian											Castlecliffian			0.34
				Calabrian											Castlecliffian			0.774
				Calabrian											Nukumaruan			1.63
				Gelasian											Nukumaruan			1.8
				Gelasian											Mangapanian			2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Mangapanian			2.58
				Piacenzian											Waipipian			3
				Zanclean											Waipipian			3.6
				Zanclean											Opoitian			3.7
			Miocene	Messinian										Taranaki	Kapitean			5.333
				Messinian											Tongaporutuan			7.2
				Tortonian											Tongaporutuan			7.246
				Tortonian										Southland	Waiauan			11.04
				Serravallian											Waiauan			11.63
				Serravallian											Lillburnian			13.05
				Langhian											Lillburnian			13.82
															Clifdenian			15.1
														Pareora	Altonian			15.9
				Burdigalian											Altonian			15.98
				Burdigalian											Otaian			18.7
				Aquitanian											Otaian			20.44
				Aquitanian										Landon	Waitakian			21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Waitakian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
															Duntroonian			25.2
															Whaingaroan			27.3
				Rupelian												Kekeamuan		27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian												Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
														Arnold	Runangan			34.6
															Kaiatan			36.7
				Bartonian											Kaiatan	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
				Bartonian											Bortonian			39.1
				Lutetian											Bortonian			41.2
														Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
															Heretaungan			45.7
				Ypresian											Heretaungan		Bumbanian	47.8
															Mangaorapan			48.9
															Waipawan			52
			Paleocene	Thanetian											Teurian	Gashatan		56
				Selandian														59.2
				Danian														61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Mata	Haumurian			66
				Campanian											Haumurian			72.1
				Santonian											Piripauan			83.6
				Santonian										Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
				Coniacian														86.3
				Turonian														89.8
															Mangaotanean			90.5
															Arowhanan			93.7
				Cenomanian											Arowhanan			93.9
														Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
															Motuan			99.5
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											Motuan			100.5
															Urutawan			103.3
														Taitai	Korangan			108.4
				Aptian											Korangan			113
				Aptian														117.5
				Barremian														121.4
				Hauterivian														125.77
				Valanginian														132.6
Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan		145
			Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
				Kawhia	Ohauan		150
					Heterian		154.5
			Oxfordian				154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
			Callovian		Temaikan		164.3
			Bathonian				165.3
			Bajocian				168.2
			Aalenian				170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
			Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan		176
			Pliensbachian		Ururoan		184.2
			Pliensbachian		Aratauran		188.9
			Sinemurian				192.9
			Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
			Norian		Warepan		208.5
					Otamitan		217
					Oretian		221
			Carnian		Oretian		227
			Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan		237
			Ladinian		Etalian		238
			Anisian		Etalian		242
			Anisian		Malakovian		246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian		Vokhmian	247.2
			Olenekian		Nelsonian			249
			Induan		Nelsonian			251.2
			Induan	DUrville	Makarewan			251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan		Dorashamian		251.902
			Changhsingian		Waiitian		Dorashamian		253.2
			Wuchiapingian		Waiitian		Dzhulfian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
			Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan		Dzhulfian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian	Midian		Aparima	Flettian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
			Wordian	Wordian				Flettian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
								Barettian		266
					Murgabian					266.2 *
			Roadian	Roadian	Murgabian				Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian	Cathedralian				Kubergandian		273.01
								Mangapirian	Kubergandian		276
									Bolorian		279.8
					Hessian						281.9 *
			Artinskian								283.5
								Telfordian			285
									Yakhtashian		286
				Wolfcampian	Lenoxian						286.1 *
											288.5
			Sakmarian						Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian		Nealian				Asselian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								Mapingian †	298.9
			Kasimovian								Mapingian †	303.7
			Kasimovian									305.9
			Moscovian									307
			Bashkirian									315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian									323.2
			Visean									330.9
			Tournaisian									346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian									358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian									372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian									382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian									387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian									393.3
			Pragian									407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare						419.2
		Pridoli				Kaugetuma						421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare						423
			Ludfordian			Paadla						423.4 *
			Gorstian			Paadla						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula						427.4
			Homerian			Jaagarahu						429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu						430.5
			Sheinwoodian			Jaani						431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani						433.4
			Telychian			Adavere						434 *
			Aeronian			Adavere						438.5
			Aeronian			Raikkula						439.4 *
			Rhuddanian			Raikkula						440.8
			Rhuddanian			Juuru						441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									443.8
			Katian									445.2
			Sandbian									453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian									467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian									470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian									477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
			Stage 10										Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian										Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian										Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian										Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Marjumian	Albertian †	497
			Drumian									Marjumian		500.5
Wuliuan			Topazan									504.5
Wuliuan			Delamaran									506.5
Series 2		Stage 4	Delamaran									Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4	Dyeran										511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran										514
			Montezuman										514.8 *
			Begadean										519.9 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2											521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian											529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian													635
		Tonian													720
		Tonian												Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian												Karatau	1000
		Stenian												Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian												Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian												Burzyan	1375
																		1400