PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian of North America		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Permian Subages of Germany	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of North America	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Wanganui	Haweran	0
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
				Chibanian												0.129
				Chibanian											Castlecliffian	0.34
				Calabrian											Castlecliffian	0.774
				Calabrian											Nukumaruan	1.63
				Gelasian											Nukumaruan	1.8
				Gelasian											Mangapanian	2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Mangapanian	2.58
				Piacenzian											Waipipian	3
				Zanclean											Waipipian	3.6
				Zanclean											Opoitian	3.7
			Miocene	Messinian										Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
				Messinian											Tongaporutuan	7.2
				Tortonian											Tongaporutuan	7.246
				Tortonian										Southland	Waiauan	11.04
				Serravallian											Waiauan	11.63
				Serravallian											Lillburnian	13.05
				Langhian											Lillburnian	13.82
															Clifdenian	15.1
														Pareora	Altonian	15.9
				Burdigalian											Altonian	15.98
				Burdigalian											Otaian	18.7
				Aquitanian											Otaian	20.44
				Aquitanian										Landon	Waitakian	21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Waitakian	23.03
															Duntroonian	25.2
															Whaingaroan	27.3
				Rupelian												27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
														Arnold	Runangan	34.6
															Kaiatan	36.7
				Bartonian											Kaiatan	37.71
				Bartonian											Bortonian	39.1
				Lutetian											Bortonian	41.2
														Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
															Heretaungan	45.7
				Ypresian											Heretaungan	47.8
															Mangaorapan	48.9
															Waipawan	52
			Paleocene	Thanetian											Teurian	56
				Selandian												59.2
				Danian												61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Mata	Haumurian	66
				Campanian											Haumurian	72.1
				Santonian											Piripauan	83.6
				Santonian										Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
															Mangaotanean	90.5
															Arowhanan	93.7
				Cenomanian											Arowhanan	93.9
														Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
															Motuan	99.5
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											Motuan	100.5
															Urutawan	103.3
														Taitai	Korangan	108.4
				Aptian											Korangan	113
				Aptian												117.5
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
			Kimmeridgian		149.2
			Oxfordian		154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
			Bathonian		165.3
			Bajocian		Epizigzagiceras	168.2
			Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
			Aalenian		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
					Planulata	179.3 *
					Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
					Kanense		181.3 *
					Carlottense		182.3 *
					Kunae		183.5 *
			Pliensbachian		Kunae		184.2
					Freboldi		185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
							Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
			Sinemurian					192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
			Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
			Norian					208.5
			Carnian					227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Buntsandstein	Melekhovian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Buntsandstein		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian					Capitanian		Ohre/Aller	259.51
			Wordian					Wordian		Leine	264.28
			Wordian					Wordian	Noginskian	Leine	264.9 *
			Roadian					Roadian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					Leonardian			Cathedralian	273.01
									Pavlovoposadian		Cathedralian	276.8 *
											Hessian	281.9 *
			Artinskian								Hessian	283.5
								Wolfcampian			Lenoxian	286.1 *
									Rusavkinian			287.6 *
			Sakmarian									290.1
			Asselian								Nealian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									298.9
			Kasimovian						Dorogomilovian			303.7
									Khamovnikian			304.8
									Krevyakinian			305.8 *
			Moscovian						Myachkovian			307
									Podolskian			308.9 *
									Kashirian			311.4 *
									Vereian			313.8
									Melekessian			314.8
			Bashkirian						Melekessian			315.2
									Cheremshanian			316.9 *
									Prikamian			318.6 *
									Severokeltmian			319.9 *
									Krasnopolyanian			321.2 *
									Voznesenian			321.9 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Zapaltjubian			323.2
									Protvian			324.4 *
									Steshevian			326.8 *
									Tarusian			329 *
			Visean						Venevian			330.9
				Mikhailovian					331.9 *
				Aleksinian					333.7 *
				Tulian					335.8 *
				Bobrikian					339.9 *
				Radaevkian					343.4 *
			Tournaisian	Kosvian					346.7
				Kizelian					350.7 *
				Cherepetian					351.9 *
				Karakubian					354.4 *
				Upinian					356.3 *
				Malevkian					357.6 *
				Gumerovian					358 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
			Pragian						407.6
			Lochkovian						410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
			Aeronian		438.5
			Rhuddanian		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
			Katian			Gamachian	445.2
						Richmondian	446 *
Maysvillian						Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
Edenian							450.4 *
Mohawkian					Chatfieldian		451.1 *
			Sandbian		Chatfieldian		453
					Turinian		453.7 *
Whiterockian						Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor		457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
			Dapingian						467.3
			Dapingian		Rangerian				469.1 *
Early Ordovician		Floian	Ibexian		Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
		Floian			Tulean					473.9 *
		Tremadocian			Tulean					Ungurian		477.7
					Stairsian							480.3 *
					Skullrockian				Demingian †			482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Skullrockian	Batyrbaian				485.4
		Stage 10								487.5
		Jiangshanian								489.5
						Aksaian				490.7 *
						Sakian				492.2 *
		Paibian				Sakian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Ayusokkanian				497
		Guzhangian								499.5
		Drumian				Zhanaarykian				500.5
		Drumian				Tuesaian				503
		Wuliuan				Tuesaian				504.5
		Wuliuan								505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4								509
						Toyonian				510 *
						Botomian				512.5 *
		Stage 3				Botomian				514
		Stage 3				Atdabanian				515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Tommotian				521
		Stage 2								525.5
		Fortunian								529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian											635
		Tonian											720
		Tonian										Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										Karatau	1000
		Stenian										Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian										Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian										Burzyan	1375
																1400