PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of North America		Cambrian of Siberia			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Mesozoic Subages		Permian of the Russian Platform		Silurian of the Baltic
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					66
		Campanian								Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
		Santonian								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian								Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian								Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian								Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Late Albian					100.5
										Middle Albian					106.2 *
										Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian								Late Aptian					113
		Aptian								Early Aptian					119.5 *
		Barremian								Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian								Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian								Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian								Late Berriasian					139.8
										Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
										Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
		Tithonian								Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian								Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian								Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian								Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
		Oxfordian									Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian								Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian								Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian								Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian								Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								Late Toarcian					174.7
										Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
										Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian								Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian								Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian								Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian								Sevatian					208.5
										Alaunian					213.2 *
										Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian								Tuvalian					227
		Carnian								Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								Longobardian					237
		Ladinian								Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian								Illyrian					242
										Pelsonian					243.8 *
										Bithynian					244.7 *
										Aegean					245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						Vokhmian		Spathian					247.2
		Olenekian								Smithian					248.9 *
		Induan								Dienerian					251.2
		Induan								Griesbachian					251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian													251.902
		Wuchiapingian						Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian							254.14
		Wuchiapingian						Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian				Tatarian	Vyatkian		256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian					Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian					Severodvinian		259.51
		Wordian	Wordian					Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian					Urzhumian		264.28
		Roadian	Roadian					Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian				Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian	Roadian					Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian				Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian	Cathedralian								Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
													Filipovian		276.5 *
													Saraninian		280.1 *
				Hessian									Saraninian		281.9 *
		Artinskian										Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
													Irginian		285.9 *
			Wolfcampian	Lenoxian									Irginian		286.1 *
					Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian		Nealian	Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
						Uskalykian	294.8
						Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian		393.3
		Pragian					Siegen		407.6
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare					419.2
	Pridoli						Kaugetuma					421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare					423
		Ludfordian					Paadla				423.4 *
		Gorstian					Paadla				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula				427.4
		Homerian					Jaagarahu				429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu				430.5
		Sheinwoodian					Jaani				431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani				433.4
		Telychian					Adavere				434 *
		Aeronian					Adavere				438.5
		Aeronian					Raikkula				439.4 *
		Rhuddanian					Raikkula				440.8
		Rhuddanian					Juuru				441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									443.8
		Katian									445.2
		Sandbian									453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian									467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
		Tremadocian									477.7
		Tremadocian									Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian									Batyrbaian			489.5
											Aksaian			490.7 *
											Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian												494
		Paibian											Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Ayusokkanian			497
										Arcadian	Ayusokkanian			498.4
											Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian									Mayan/Menevian			500.5
		Wuliuan									Amgan/Solvan			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Branchian	Amgan/Solvan			509
											Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
											Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3						514			Botomian
								Atdabanian				515.6 *
								Atdabanian		Placentian		517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Tommotian				521
		Stage 2						Nemakit-Daldynian				525.5
		Fortunian						Nemakit-Daldynian			Manykaian †	529
															538.8