PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of North America		Cambrian of China		European Faunal Zones	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Carboniferous Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Gelasian					MN 17			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					MN 16			2.58
		Piacenzian					MN 15			3.2
		Zanclean					MN 15			3.6
							MN 14			4.2
							MN 13			4.9
	Miocene	Messinian					MN 13			5.333
		Tortonian					MN 12			7.246
							MN 11			7.75
							MN 10			8.7
							MN 9			9.7
							MN 7 + 8			11.1
		Serravallian					MN 7 + 8			11.63
		Serravallian					MN 6			12.8 *
		Langhian					MN 5			13.82
		Burdigalian					MN 4			15.98
							MN 3			16.9
							MN 2			20
		Aquitanian					MN 2			20.44
		Aquitanian					MN 1			22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian								27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian								33.9
		Bartonian								37.71
		Lutetian								41.2
		Ypresian								47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian								56
		Selandian								59.2
		Danian								61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Lancian/Edmontonian		66
		Campanian						Judithian/Aquilan		72.1
		Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
		Aptian								113
		Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
		Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian								168.2
		Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
		Pliensbachian								184.2
		Sinemurian								192.9
		Hettangian								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
		Norian								208.5
		Carnian								227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian								242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan								251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian							259.51
		Wordian	Wordian							264.28
		Roadian	Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian		Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian		Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian	Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian		Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian		Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian			Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean			Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Adorf			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian			393.3
		Pragian				Siegen			407.6
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian					Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian					Paibian		494
		Paibian					Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian					Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan					Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Duyunian		509
	Series 2	Stage 3					Nangaoian		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Meishucunian		521
		Fortunian					Meishucunian		529
		Fortunian					Jinnigian		530.7
										538.8