PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian of North America		Cambrian of China		Devonian of Eastern North America		Ordovician of Australia	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Sheridanian						Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Chibanian								Sheridanian						Middle Pleistocene	0.129
				Chibanian								Cudahyan/Sappan						Middle Pleistocene	0.21
				Calabrian								Cudahyan/Sappan						Early Pleistocene	0.774
				Calabrian								Senecan/Rexroadian							1.4
				Gelasian															1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														Late Pliocene	2.58
				Zanclean														Early Pliocene	3.6
				Zanclean								Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						Early Pliocene	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian														Late Miocene	5.333
				Tortonian															7.246
				Tortonian								Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							9.4
				Serravallian								Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						Middle Miocene	11.63
				Serravallian								late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian							12.5
				Langhian															13.82
				Burdigalian														Early Miocene	15.98
												Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							16.3
												late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian						18.5
				Aquitanian															20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Late Oligocene	23.03
													Monroecreekian						23.1 *
													Geringian						24.7 *
				Rupelian									Geringian			Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene	27.82
				Rupelian												Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene	29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian								Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene	33.9
				Priabonian												Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene	37
				Bartonian												Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Middle Eocene	37.71
				Bartonian								Late Uintan/Early Uintan							39.7
				Lutetian								Late Uintan/Early Uintan							41.2
				Lutetian								Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							46.2
				Ypresian								Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					Bumbanian	Early Eocene	47.8
												Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							50.5
														Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian										Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Gashatan		Late Paleocene	56
				Thanetian										Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Gashatan		Late Paleocene	56.2
				Selandian										Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Selandian										To3/To2/To1				Middle Paleocene	60.9
				Danian										To3/To2/To1				Early Paleocene	61.6
				Danian										Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				Early Paleocene	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
				Campanian															72.1
				Santonian															83.6
				Coniacian															86.3
				Turonian															89.8
				Cenomanian															93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
				Aptian															113
				Barremian															121.4
				Hauterivian															125.77
				Valanginian															132.6
				Berriasian															139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
				Kimmeridgian															149.2
				Oxfordian															154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
				Bathonian															165.3
				Bajocian															168.2
				Aalenian															170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
				Pliensbachian															184.2
				Sinemurian															192.9
				Hettangian															199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
				Norian															208.5
Carnian				227
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	237
Middle Triassic			Anisian	242
Early Triassic			Olenekian	247.2
Early Triassic			Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian	Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
			Kungurian		Hessian	281.9 *
			Artinskian		Hessian	283.5
			Artinskian	Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
			Sakmarian		Lenoxian	290.1
			Asselian		Nealian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
			Kasimovian			303.7
			Moscovian			307
			Bashkirian			315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
			Visean			330.9
			Tournaisian			346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
			Pragian					407.6
			Lochkovian					410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare	419.2
		Pridoli						Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian					Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian					Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian					Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian					Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani	433.4
			Telychian					Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian					Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian					Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian					Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian					Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Bolindian		443.8
			Katian					Bolindian		445.2
								Eastonian		449 *
								Gisbornian		452 *
			Sandbian					Gisbornian		453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Darriwilian		458.4
			Dapingian					Yapeenian		467.3
			Dapingian					Castlemainian		468.5 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian					Chewtonian		470
								Bendigonian		471.8 *
								Lancefieldian		473.5 *
			Tremadocian					Lancefieldian		Ungurian	477.7
			Tremadocian					Warendian		Ungurian	482.8 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Niuchehean		Taoyuanian †		Batyrbaian	485.4
			Jiangshanian					Jiangshanian				Batyrbaian	489.5
												Aksaian	490.7 *
												Sakian	492.2 *
			Paibian					Paibian					494
			Paibian					Paibian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian			494.9 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Guzhangian		Wangcunian †		Ayusokkanian	497
			Guzhangian					Guzhangian					499.5
			Drumian					Drumian				Zhanaarykian	500.5
			Drumian					Drumian				Tuesaian	503
			Wuliuan					Wuliuan/Taijangian				Tuesaian	504.5
			Wuliuan					Wuliuan/Taijangian				505.3
		Series 2	Stage 4					Duyunian				509
Toyonian												510 *
Botomian												512.5 *
Botomian			Stage 3					Nangaoian				514
Atdabanian			Stage 3					Nangaoian				515.6 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	Meishucunian					Tommotian				521
		Stage 2										525.5
		Fortunian										529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian									530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran		Wonokan †	571.7 *									Vendian †
																			635