PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of North America		Ordovician of the Baltic				Carboniferous Subepochs	Ten Million Year Bins	Cambrian of Siberia			Permian of the Russian Platform		Cretaceous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Cenozoic 6														0
		Northgrippian																						0.0042
		Greenlandian																						0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																		Lujanian				0.0117
		Chibanian																		Lujanian				0.129
		Chibanian																		Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian																		Ensenadan				0.774
		Calabrian																		Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian																		Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															Tertiary †			Vorohuean				2.58
		Piacenzian																		Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
		Zanclean																		Chapadmalalan				3.6
																				Montehermosan				3.7 *
																				Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian																						5.333
		Tortonian																						7.246
																				Chasicoan				7.9 *
																				Mayoan				9.9 *
																				Laventan				10.9 *
		Serravallian								Cenozoic 5										Laventan				11.63
		Serravallian																		Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian																		Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian																		Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian																		Friasian				15.98
																				Santacrucian				16.2 *
																				Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
		Aquitanian																		Colhuehuapian				20.44
		Aquitanian																		Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Cenozoic 4														23.03
		Rupelian																						27.82
		Rupelian																		Tinguirirican				28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian								Cenozoic 3										Tinguirirican				33.9
		Priabonian																		Divisaderan				35.9 *
		Bartonian																						37.71
		Lutetian								Cenozoic 2														41.2
		Lutetian																		Mustersan				41.9 *
		Ypresian																		Mustersan				47.8
		Ypresian																		Casamayoran				47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Cenozoic 1										Riochican				56
																				Itaboraian				56.9 *
																				Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian																						59.2
		Danian																						61.6
		Danian																		Tiupampan				62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Cretaceous 8						Senonian								66
		Campanian								Cretaceous 7														72.1
		Santonian								Cretaceous 6														83.6
		Coniacian																						86.3
		Turonian																						89.8
		Cenomanian								Cretaceous 5														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Cretaceous 4						Gallic								100.5
		Aptian								Cretaceous 3														113
		Barremian								Cretaceous 2														121.4
		Hauterivian								Cretaceous 2						Neocomian								125.77
		Valanginian								Cretaceous 1														132.6
		Berriasian								Cretaceous 1														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Jurassic 6												Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Kimmeridgian								Jurassic 5												Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
																						Kawhia	Ohauan	150
																							Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian																						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																						161.5
		Callovian																					Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian								Jurassic 4														165.3
		Bajocian	168.2							Jurassic 4
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1			192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian			Warepan	208.5
					Otamitan	217
					Oretian	221
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Oretian	227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian			Etalian	238
		Anisian			Etalian	242
		Anisian			Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian			Nelsonian	249
		Induan			Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan		DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian			Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian			Waiitian	Longtanian †	254.14
					Puruhauan		254.2
					Puruhauan		Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian	Severodvinian			Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian		Wordian	Urzhumian				Flettian	264.28
		Wordian		Wordian	Urzhumian				Barettian	266
		Roadian	Roadian	Permian 3	Kazanian		Povolzhian			266.9
		Roadian	Roadian	Permian 3	Kazanian		Sokian			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian	Cathedralian	Permian 2		Kungurian			Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
									Mangapirian	Irenian/Ufimian	276
										Filipovian	276.5 *
										Saraninian	280.1 *
				Hessian						Saraninian	281.9 *
		Artinskian					Artinskian			Sarginian	283.5
									Telfordian	Sarginian	285
										Irginian	285.9 *
			Wolfcampian	Lenoxian						Irginian	286.1 *
										Burtsevian	287.8 *
										Burtsevian	288.5
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian			Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian			Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian		Nealian	Permian 1		Asselian			Shikhanian	293.52
										Uskalykian	294.8
										Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian		Carboniferous 5					298.9
		Kasimovian			Late Pennsylvanian		Carboniferous 5					303.7
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian		Carboniferous 4					307
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian		Carboniferous 4					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian		Carboniferous 3					323.2
		Visean			Middle Mississippian		Carboniferous 2					330.9
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian		Carboniferous 1					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Devonian 5					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Devonian 4					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Devonian 3					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Devonian 3					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Devonian 2					393.3
		Pragian					Devonian 1					407.6
		Lochkovian					Devonian 1					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Silurian 2					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian										423
	Ludlow	Gorstian										425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian										427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					Silurian 1					433.4
		Aeronian										438.5
		Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Harju					Porkuni	Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian										Pirgu		445.2
												Vormsi		449.6 *
												Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
							Viru					Rakvere			450.6 *
												Oandu			452 *
		Sandbian										Keila	Idavere †	Ordovician 4	453
												Haljala			453.9
												Kukruse			456.4 *
												Uhaku	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										Uhaku		Ordovician 3	458.4
												Lasnamagi			458.9 *
												Aseri			460.4 *
							Oeland					Kunda			462.9 *
												Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
												Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian										Volkhov		Ordovician 2		467.3
		Dapingian										Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian														470
													Latorp †			470.1 *
												Hunneberg				473.7 *
		Tremadocian				Ordovician 1						Hunneberg		477.7
												Varangu		481.3 *
												Pakerort		482.2 *
														Mansian †		483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											Cambrian 5	Batyrbaian		Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
																		486.3 *
																		486.5
		Jiangshanian																489.5
														Aksaian				490.7 *
														Sakian				492.2 *
		Paibian																494
		Paibian															Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian											Cambrian 4	Ayusokkanian				Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian												Mayan/Menevian					499.5
		Drumian												Mayan/Menevian					500.5
		Wuliuan						Cambrian 3	Amgan/Solvan				Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Amgan/Solvan									509
									Toyonian							Lenian †		510 *
									Botomian									512.5 *
		Stage 3						Cambrian 2	Botomian									514
		Stage 3							Atdabanian									515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian	521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian	525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian	Cambrian 1				Manykaian †	529
																								538.8