PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of North America		Ordovician of the Baltic				Ordovician of Britain				North American Land Mammal Ages	Devonian of Germany	Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Saintaugustinean			0
		Meghalayan											Santarosean			0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Late Pleistocene											Rancholabrean			0.014
		Chibanian											Rancholabrean			0.129
		Chibanian											Irvingtonian			0.21
		Calabrian											Irvingtonian			0.774
		Calabrian											Blancan			1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														2.58
		Zanclean														3.6
		Zanclean											Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian											Clarendonian			9.4
		Serravallian											Clarendonian			11.63
		Serravallian											Barstovian			12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
													Hemingfordian			16.3
													Arikareean			18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
		Rupelian														27.82
													Whitneyan			29.5
													Orellan			31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian											Chadronian			33.9
		Priabonian											Duchesnean			37
		Bartonian											Duchesnean			37.71
		Bartonian											Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian											Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian											Bridgerian			46.2
		Ypresian											Bridgerian			47.8
													Wasatchian			50.5
													Clarkforkian			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian											Clarkforkian			56
		Thanetian											Tiffanian			56.2
		Selandian											Tiffanian			59.2
		Selandian											Torrejonian			60.9
		Danian											Torrejonian			61.6
		Danian											Puercan			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
		Pliensbachian														184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian		Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian		Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian	Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian		Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian		Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian	393.3
		Pragian			Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Harju	Porkuni	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian					Pirgu		Rawtheyan	445.2
									Cautleyan	448.9 *
									Pusgillian	449.3 *
							Vormsi	Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
							Nabala				Johvi †	450 *
						Viru	Rakvere					450.6 *
							Rakvere		Cheneyan			451.5 *
							Oandu		Cheneyan			452 *
							Oandu		Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian					Keila				Idavere †	453
							Keila			Actonian †		453.2 *
							Haljala			Actonian †		453.9
										Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
										Longvillian †			455.2 *
							Kukruse						456.4 *
									Aurelucian				456.8 *
										Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
							Uhaku			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Uhaku	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
							Lasnamagi						458.9 *
							Aseri						460.4 *
							Aseri		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
						Oeland	Kunda						462.9 *
							Kunda				Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
							Volkhov						Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian												467.3
								Arenig	Fennian					468.4 *
							Billingen							469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian												470
											Latorp †			470.1 *
									Whitlandian					471.1 *
							Hunneberg		Whitlandian					473.7 *
									Moridunian					474.3 *
		Tremadocian						Tremadoc	Migneintian					477.7
									Cressagian					480.8 *
							Varangu							481.3 *
							Pakerort							482.2 *
														485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
															486.3 *
															486.5
			Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian	Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian	Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian	Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian	Albertian †										497
		Drumian	Marjumian											500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan											504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran											506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran	Waucoban †										509
		Stage 4	Dyeran											511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran											514
			Montezuman											514.8 *
			Begadean											519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
																538.8