PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127682 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of North America					Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of North America				Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian														Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			33.9
		Bartonian														Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			37.71
		Lutetian																	41.2
		Ypresian															Bumbanian		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian														Gashatan			56
		Selandian																	59.2
		Danian																	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																	66
		Campanian																	72.1
		Santonian																	83.6
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian																	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																	100.5
		Aptian																	113
		Barremian																	121.4
		Hauterivian																	125.77
		Valanginian																	132.6
		Berriasian																	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																	145
		Kimmeridgian																	149.2
		Oxfordian																	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
		Bathonian																	165.3
		Bajocian							Epizigzagiceras										168.2
		Bajocian							Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense										168.4
		Aalenian							Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta										174.7
									Planulata										179.3 *
									Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi								179.8 *
									Kanense										181.3 *
									Carlottense										182.3 *
									Kunae										183.5 *
		Pliensbachian							Kunae										184.2
									Freboldi										185.1 *
									Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras									186.2 *
										Tetraspidoceras									189.2 *
									Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis									190.3 *
		Sinemurian																	192.9
									Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras								196.4 *
									Franziceras/Euphyllites										196.5 *
		Hettangian							Franziceras/Euphyllites										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																	201.4
		Norian																	208.5
		Carnian																	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						Vokhmian											247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						Vokhmian											251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian											254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian					Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian											259.51
		Wordian	Wordian					Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian											264.28
		Roadian	Roadian					Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian											266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian	Cathedralian															273.01
		Kungurian		Hessian															281.9 *
		Artinskian		Hessian															283.5
		Artinskian	Wolfcampian	Lenoxian															286.1 *
		Sakmarian		Lenoxian															290.1
		Asselian		Nealian															293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian																Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian																Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian			305.9
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian			Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian			Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani	433.4
		Telychian			Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Harju	Porkuni	Cincinnatian					Gamachian	443.8
		Katian				Pirgu						Gamachian	445.2
						Pirgu						Richmondian	446 *
						Vormsi						Richmondian	449.6 *
						Vormsi						Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
						Nabala						Maysvillian		Johvi †	450 *
						Nabala						Edenian			450.4 *
					Viru	Rakvere						Edenian			450.6 *
						Rakvere	Mohawkian					Chatfieldian			451.1 *
						Oandu									452 *
		Sandbian				Keila								Idavere †	453
						Keila						Turinian			453.7 *
						Haljala									453.9
						Kukruse									456.4 *
						Kukruse	Whiterockian					Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor		457 *
						Uhaku								Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Uhaku			458.4
						Lasnamagi			458.9 *
						Aseri			460.4 *
					Oeland	Kunda			462.9 *
						Kunda			Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
						Volkhov					Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka			467.1 *
		Dapingian												467.3
										Rangerian				469.1 *
						Billingen				Rangerian				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Ibexian			Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
									Latorp †						470.1 *
						Hunneberg									473.7 *
								Tulean		473.9 *
		Tremadocian						Tulean		477.7
								Stairsian		480.3 *
						Varangu		Stairsian		481.3 *
						Varangu		Skullrockian		Demingian †				482 *
						Pakerort				Demingian †				482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Pakerort						485.4
												486.3 *
					486.5
																			487.5