PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of North America		Silurian of North America			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Silurian of the Baltic	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Carboniferous Subepochs
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Tertiary †				2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean													3.6
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Serravallian													11.63
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
		Bartonian													37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Ypresian													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian													56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Lancian/Edmontonian						66
		Campanian							Judithian/Aquilan						72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Pliensbachian													184.2
		Sinemurian													192.9
		Hettangian													199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian													208.5
		Carnian													227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian													237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian													242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						Vokhmian							247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						Vokhmian							251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian													251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian				Longtanian †			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian					Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian							259.51
		Wordian	Wordian					Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian							264.28
		Roadian	Roadian					Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian	Cathedralian											273.01
		Kungurian		Hessian											281.9 *
		Artinskian		Hessian											283.5
		Artinskian	Wolfcampian	Lenoxian											286.1 *
		Sakmarian		Lenoxian											290.1
		Asselian		Nealian											293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian												Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian												Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian												Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian												Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian												Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean												Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian				Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian				Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Cayugan	Ohesaare			419.2
						Cayugan	Kaugetuma			421.7 *
						Niagaran	Kaugetuma			422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare			423
		Ludfordian					Paadla			423.4 *
		Gorstian					Paadla			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Lockportian			Rootsikula			427.4
		Homerian					Lockportian			Jaagarahu			429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian								Jaagarahu			430.5
		Sheinwoodian								Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian					Ontarian			Jaani	433.4
		Telychian							Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian								438.5
										Alexandrian	438.7 *
									Raikkula		439.4 *
						Medinan	Clinton				440.1 *
											440.7 *
		Rhuddanian									440.8
		Rhuddanian							Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									443.8
		Katian									445.2
		Sandbian									453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian									467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian									477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Datsonian		485.4
		Stage 10									Payntonian		486.8 *
		Jiangshanian									Iverian		489.5
		Paibian									Idamean		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Mindyallan		Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian									Boomerangian			499
		Drumian									Undillan			500.5
		Drumian									Floran			503
		Wuliuan									Templetonian	Stage 5 †		504.5
		Wuliuan									Ordian	Stage 5 †		507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4									Ordian			509
															510.8 *