PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of North America		Silurian Ages of Europe	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Mesozoic Subages		Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Britain		Devonian of Eastern North America		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Chibanian							Middle Pleistocene								0.129
		Calabrian							Early Pleistocene								0.774
		Gelasian							Early Pleistocene								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Late Pliocene								2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean							Early Pliocene								3.6
	Miocene	Messinian							Late Miocene								5.333
		Tortonian							Late Miocene								7.246
		Serravallian							Middle Miocene								11.63
		Langhian							Middle Miocene								13.82
		Burdigalian							Early Miocene								15.98
		Aquitanian							Early Miocene								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Late Oligocene								23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian							Early Oligocene								27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian							Late Eocene								33.9
		Bartonian							Middle Eocene								37.71
		Lutetian							Middle Eocene								41.2
		Ypresian							Early Eocene								47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Late Paleocene								56
		Selandian							Middle Paleocene								59.2
		Danian							Early Paleocene								61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian										72.1
		Santonian					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Late Albian										100.5
							Middle Albian										106.2 *
							Early Albian										109.9 *
		Aptian					Late Aptian										113
		Aptian					Early Aptian										119.5 *
		Barremian					Late Barremian/Early Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian					Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian					Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian					Late Berriasian										139.8
							Middle Berriasian										140.6 *
							Early Berriasian										142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									145
		Tithonian					Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian					Late Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Kimmeridgian					Early Kimmeridgian										152.2 *
		Oxfordian					Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									154.8
		Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian					Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian					Late Bajocian										168.2
		Bajocian					Early Bajocian										168.6 *
		Aalenian					Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Late Toarcian										174.7
							Middle Toarcian										180.4 *
							Early Toarcian										182.9 *
		Pliensbachian					Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian					Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian					Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
		Norian					Sevatian										208.5
							Alaunian										213.2 *
							Lacian										216.7 *
		Carnian					Tuvalian										227
		Carnian					Julian										233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Longobardian										237
		Ladinian					Fassanian										239.7 *
		Anisian					Illyrian										242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian	Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian	Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian		Cathedralian		273.01
		Kungurian			Hessian		281.9 *
		Artinskian			Hessian		283.5
		Artinskian	Wolfcampian		Lenoxian		286.1 *
		Sakmarian			Lenoxian		290.1
		Asselian			Nealian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Mapingian †			298.9
		Kasimovian					Mapingian †			303.7
		Kasimovian								305.9
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian									407.6
		Lochkovian									410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian									Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian										433.4
		Aeronian										438.5
		Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian										Kosovian	443.8
		Katian										Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian						Berounian				449.7 *
		Sandbian										453
												Zahorany †/Vinice		Letna †	456.2 *
												Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian													458.4
								Dobrotivian							458.5 *
								Oretanian							459.7 *
												Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian										Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian						Arenigian							468
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Arenigian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Merioneth							Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10													Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian													Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian													Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian													Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						St Davids								497
		Drumian														500.5
		Wuliuan														504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Caerfai								509
	Series 2	Stage 3														514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2														521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian														529
																	538.8