PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of North America		Devonian of Eastern North America		South American Land Mammal Ages		Silurian of the Baltic	Devonian of Germany
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Lujanian				0.0117
		Chibanian					Lujanian				0.129
		Chibanian					Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian					Ensenadan				0.774
		Calabrian					Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian					Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Vorohuean				2.58
		Piacenzian					Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
		Zanclean					Chapadmalalan				3.6
							Montehermosan				3.7 *
							Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian									5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
							Chasicoan				7.9 *
							Mayoan				9.9 *
							Laventan				10.9 *
		Serravallian					Laventan				11.63
		Serravallian					Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian					Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian					Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian					Friasian				15.98
							Santacrucian				16.2 *
							Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
		Aquitanian					Colhuehuapian				20.44
		Aquitanian					Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
		Rupelian									27.82
		Rupelian					Tinguirirican				28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian					Tinguirirican				33.9
		Priabonian					Divisaderan				35.9 *
		Bartonian									37.71
		Lutetian									41.2
		Lutetian					Mustersan				41.9 *
		Ypresian					Mustersan				47.8
		Ypresian					Casamayoran				47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Riochican				56
							Itaboraian				56.9 *
							Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian									59.2
		Danian									61.6
		Danian					Tiupampan				62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian		Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian		Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian	Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian		Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian		Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			West Fallsian/Sonyean	Adorf		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian		Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Southwoodian	Cazenovian		Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian		Emsian	393.3
		Pragian						Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian						Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli							Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian						Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian						Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian						Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian						Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian						Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4	Jaani
		Telychian					Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian					Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian					Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian					Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian					Juuru	441.4 *
											443.8