PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of North America		Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Devonian of France	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Carboniferous Subepochs	Devonian of Germany
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Wanganui	Haweran			0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Chibanian												0.129
		Chibanian									Castlecliffian			0.34
		Calabrian									Castlecliffian			0.774
		Calabrian									Nukumaruan			1.63
		Gelasian									Nukumaruan			1.8
		Gelasian									Mangapanian			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Mangapanian			2.58
		Piacenzian									Waipipian			3
		Zanclean									Waipipian			3.6
		Zanclean									Opoitian			3.7
	Miocene	Messinian								Taranaki	Kapitean			5.333
		Messinian									Tongaporutuan			7.2
		Tortonian									Tongaporutuan			7.246
		Tortonian								Southland	Waiauan			11.04
		Serravallian									Waiauan			11.63
		Serravallian									Lillburnian			13.05
		Langhian									Lillburnian			13.82
											Clifdenian			15.1
										Pareora	Altonian			15.9
		Burdigalian									Altonian			15.98
		Burdigalian									Otaian			18.7
		Aquitanian									Otaian			20.44
		Aquitanian								Landon	Waitakian			21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Waitakian			23.03
											Duntroonian			25.2
											Whaingaroan			27.3
		Rupelian												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
										Arnold	Runangan			34.6
											Kaiatan			36.7
		Bartonian									Kaiatan			37.71
		Bartonian									Bortonian			39.1
		Lutetian									Bortonian			41.2
										Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
											Heretaungan			45.7
		Ypresian									Heretaungan			47.8
											Mangaorapan			48.9
											Waipawan			52
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Teurian			56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Mata	Haumurian			66
		Campanian									Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian									Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian								Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
											Mangaotanean			90.5
											Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian									Arowhanan			93.9
										Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
											Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									Motuan			100.5
											Urutawan			103.3
										Taitai	Korangan			108.4
		Aptian									Korangan			113
		Aptian												117.5
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian	Cathedralian		273.01
		Kungurian			Hessian		281.9 *
		Artinskian			Hessian		283.5
		Artinskian		Wolfcampian	Lenoxian		286.1 *
		Sakmarian			Lenoxian		290.1
		Asselian			Nealian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Mapingian †	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian					Mapingian †		303.7
		Kasimovian							305.9
		Moscovian						Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian						Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean						Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian						Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Frasnian		Adorf		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Srbsko		Givetian		Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Chotec		Couvinien		Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Daleje/Zlichovian				Emsian	393.3
		Pragian						Pragian				Siegen	407.6
		Pragian						Pragian		Coblencien		Siegen	408.2 *
		Lochkovian						Lochkovian		Gedinnine		Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli												419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian											423
	Ludlow	Gorstian											425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian											427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian											430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian											433.4
		Aeronian											438.5
		Rhuddanian											440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian											443.8
		Katian											445.2
		Sandbian											453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian											467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian											470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian									477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									485.4
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									497
		Guzhangian	Arcadian								498.4
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan									504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Branchian								509
		Stage 3	Branchian								514
		Stage 3	Placentian								517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
														538.8