PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of North America		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Devonian of Eastern North America		South American Land Mammal Ages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cambrian of North America		Cambrian of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Lujanian								0.0117
		Chibanian						Lujanian								0.129
		Chibanian						Ensenadan								0.3 *
		Calabrian						Ensenadan								0.774
		Calabrian						Sanandresian	Uquian †							1.7 *
		Gelasian						Sanandresian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Vorohuean		Tertiary †						2.58
		Piacenzian						Chapadmalalan								2.9 *
		Zanclean						Chapadmalalan								3.6
								Montehermosan								3.7 *
								Huayquerian								4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
								Chasicoan								7.9 *
								Mayoan								9.9 *
								Laventan								10.9 *
		Serravallian						Laventan								11.63
		Serravallian						Colloncuran								13.7 *
		Langhian						Colloncuran								13.82
		Langhian						Friasian								15.4 *
		Burdigalian						Friasian								15.98
								Santacrucian								16.2 *
								Colhuehuapian								17.4 *
		Aquitanian						Colhuehuapian								20.44
		Aquitanian						Deseadan								20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
		Rupelian														27.82
		Rupelian						Tinguirirican								28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian						Tinguirirican								33.9
		Priabonian						Divisaderan								35.9 *
		Bartonian														37.71
		Lutetian														41.2
		Lutetian						Mustersan								41.9 *
		Ypresian						Mustersan								47.8
		Ypresian						Casamayoran								47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Riochican								56
								Itaboraian								56.9 *
								Peligran								58.9 *
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
		Danian						Tiupampan								62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
		Pliensbachian														184.2
		Sinemurian														192.9
		Hettangian														199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian	Wordian		264.28
		Roadian	Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian		Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian			Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian			Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian	Wolfcampian		Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian			Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian			Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian				Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian					305.9
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					West Fallsian/Sonyean		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian		Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Southwoodian		Cazenovian		Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian		Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian									Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian									Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli											419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian										423
	Ludlow	Gorstian										425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian										427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian										433.4
		Aeronian										438.5
		Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		Niuchehean		Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Stage 10								Niuchehean			Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian								Jiangshanian			Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian								Jiangshanian			Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian								Paibian				494
		Paibian								Paibian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Series 3 †		Marjumian		Albertian †	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian								Marjumian			Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †						Topazan			Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †						Delamaran			Wuliuan/Taijangian		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Delamaran		Waucoban †	Duyunian		509
		Stage 4								Dyeran			Duyunian		511 *
		Stage 3								Dyeran			Nangaoian		514
										Montezuman					514.8 *
										Begadean					519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											Meishucunian		521
		Fortunian											Meishucunian		529
		Fortunian											Jinnigian		530.7
																538.8