PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of North America		Carboniferous of China	Permian of China	Mesozoic Subages		Permian of the Pamirs	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Devonian of France	Ordovician of Australia	Ordovician of Britain
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Nihewanian						0.0117
		Chibanian														0.129
		Calabrian														0.774
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Yushean						2.58
		Zanclean								Yushean						3.6
		Zanclean								Baodean						4.9
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian								Tunggurian						11.1
		Serravallian								Tunggurian						11.63
		Langhian								Shanwangian						13.82
		Burdigalian								Shanwangian						15.98
		Burdigalian								Xiejiaan						16.9
		Aquitanian								Xiejiaan						20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
		Bartonian														37.71
		Lutetian														41.2
		Ypresian														47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian														56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian									72.1
		Santonian					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Late Albian									100.5
							Middle Albian									106.2 *
							Early Albian									109.9 *
		Aptian					Late Aptian									113
		Aptian					Early Aptian									119.5 *
		Barremian					Late Barremian/Early Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian					Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian					Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian					Late Berriasian									139.8
							Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
							Early Berriasian									142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								145
		Tithonian					Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian					Late Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Kimmeridgian					Early Kimmeridgian									152.2 *
		Oxfordian					Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								154.8
		Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian					Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian					Late Bajocian									168.2
		Bajocian					Early Bajocian									168.6 *
		Aalenian					Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Late Toarcian									174.7
							Middle Toarcian									180.4 *
							Early Toarcian									182.9 *
		Pliensbachian					Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian					Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian					Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
		Norian					Sevatian									208.5
							Alaunian									213.2 *
							Lacian									216.7 *
		Carnian					Tuvalian									227
		Carnian					Julian									233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian	242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian		Dorashamian	251.902
		Changhsingian	Baoqingian		Dorashamian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian	Laoshanian		Dzhulfian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Laibinian		Dzhulfian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian		Lengwuan	Midian	259.51
		Wordian	Wordian		Kuhfengian	Midian	264.28
		Wordian	Wordian			Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian	Roadian			Murgabian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian		Cathedralian	Luodianian	Kubergandian		273.01
					Cathedralian		Bolorian		279.8
					Hessian				281.9 *
		Artinskian							283.5
						Longlinian			285.4 *
							Yakhtashian		286
			Wolfcampian		Lenoxian		Yakhtashian		286.1 *
		Sakmarian			Lenoxian		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian			Nealian	Zisongian	Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
									Xiaodushanian	300 *
										300.1
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Kasimovian							Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
									Huashibanian	318.5 *
									Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian							Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean							Shangsian	330.9
		Visean							Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian							Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian									393.3
		Pragian									407.6
		Pragian						Coblencien		408.2 *
		Lochkovian						Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Bolindian	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian										Rawtheyan	445.2
												Cautleyan	448.9 *
										Eastonian		Cautleyan	449 *
												Pusgillian	449.3 *
											Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
												Cheneyan		451.5 *
										Gisbornian		Cheneyan		452 *
												Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian												453
													Actonian †	453.2 *
													Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
													Longvillian †		455.2 *
												Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
												Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								Darriwilian	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian								Darriwilian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian		Yapeenian						467.3		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn
				Yapeenian						Arenig	Fennian	468.4 *
				Castlemainian								468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Chewtonian								470
				Chewtonian							Whitlandian	471.1 *
				Bendigonian								471.8 *
				Lancefieldian								473.5 *
											Moridunian	474.3 *
		Tremadocian								Tremadoc	Migneintian	477.7
											Cressagian	480.8 *
				Warendian							Cressagian	482.8 *
				Warendian								485 *
																485.4