PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of North America		Carboniferous of Western Europe		European Faunal Units	Silurian of England		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cambrian of North America		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian													Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Calabrian													Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Gelasian													Early Pleistocene	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Villanyian								Late Pliocene	2.58
		Piacenzian					Ruscinian								Late Pliocene	3.1 *
		Zanclean					Ruscinian								Early Pliocene	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian					Turolian								Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian					Turolian									7.246
		Tortonian					Vallesian									8.7
		Serravallian					Astaracian								Middle Miocene	11.63
		Langhian					Astaracian								Middle Miocene	13.82
		Burdigalian					Orleanian								Early Miocene	15.98
		Burdigalian					Agenian									20
		Aquitanian					Agenian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													Late Oligocene	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian													Early Oligocene	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													Late Eocene	33.9
		Bartonian													Middle Eocene	37.71
		Lutetian													Middle Eocene	41.2
		Ypresian													Early Eocene	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian													Late Paleocene	56
		Selandian													Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian													Early Paleocene	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian											Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
													Kawhia	Ohauan		150
														Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Callovian												Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
		Toarcian											Herangi	Ururoan		176
		Pliensbachian												Ururoan		184.2
		Pliensbachian												Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian														192.9
		Hettangian														199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian												Warepan		208.5
														Otamitan		217
														Oretian		221
		Carnian												Oretian		227
		Carnian											Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian												Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian												Etalian		238
		Anisian												Etalian		242
		Anisian												Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								Vokhmian				Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian												Nelsonian		249
		Induan	251.2											Nelsonian
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan		251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Aparima	Flettian		259.51
		Wordian	Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Flettian		264.28
		Wordian	Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Barettian		266
		Roadian	Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian	Cathedralian					273.01
				Cathedralian		Mangapirian			276
				Hessian					281.9 *
		Artinskian							283.5
						Telfordian			285
			Wolfcampian	Lenoxian		Telfordian	286.1 *
							288.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian		Nealian			293.52
		Asselian		Nealian			Kuzel		297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Kuzel		298.9
							Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian							Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian							Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian							Cantabrian	307
							Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
									Westphalian C	309.8
									Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian							Westphalian B	315.2
									Westphalian A	317 *
							Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
									Marsdenian	320.2 *
									Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
									Alportian	322 *
									Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Chokierian	323.2
									Arnsbergian	324 *
									Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean					Warnantian		Brigantian †	330.9
							Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
							Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian					Ivorian			346.7
		Tournaisian					Hastarian			353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Lochkovian								410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli									Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian										425.6
		Gorstian									Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian									Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian								Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian										433.4
		Telychian										436.3 *
		Aeronian										438.5
		Aeronian								Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian								Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian										443.8
		Katian										445.2
		Sandbian										453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian										467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian										470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian										477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian						489.5					Sunwaptan
		Jiangshanian						Steptoean					493 *
		Paibian						Steptoean					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Marjumian				Albertian †	497
		Drumian						Marjumian					500.5
		Wuliuan						Topazan					504.5
		Wuliuan			Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Delamaran	Waucoban †		509
		Stage 4			Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3			Dyeran			514
			Montezuman	514.8 *
			Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		529
																538.8