PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127688 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of North America		Carboniferous of Western Europe		Permian of the Pamirs	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Silurian of the Baltic
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Wanganui	Haweran					0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Chibanian													0.129
		Chibanian								Castlecliffian					0.34
		Calabrian								Castlecliffian					0.774
		Calabrian								Nukumaruan					1.63
		Gelasian								Nukumaruan					1.8
		Gelasian								Mangapanian					2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Mangapanian					2.58
		Piacenzian								Waipipian					3
		Zanclean								Waipipian					3.6
		Zanclean								Opoitian					3.7
	Miocene	Messinian							Taranaki	Kapitean					5.333
		Messinian								Tongaporutuan					7.2
		Tortonian								Tongaporutuan					7.246
		Tortonian							Southland	Waiauan					11.04
		Serravallian								Waiauan					11.63
		Serravallian								Lillburnian					13.05
		Langhian								Lillburnian					13.82
										Clifdenian					15.1
									Pareora	Altonian					15.9
		Burdigalian								Altonian					15.98
		Burdigalian								Otaian					18.7
		Aquitanian								Otaian					20.44
		Aquitanian							Landon	Waitakian					21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Waitakian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			23.03
										Duntroonian					25.2
										Whaingaroan					27.3
		Rupelian									Kekeamuan				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian									Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				33.9
									Arnold	Runangan					34.6
										Kaiatan					36.7
		Bartonian								Kaiatan	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				37.71
		Bartonian								Bortonian					39.1
		Lutetian								Bortonian					41.2
									Dannevirke	Porangan					42.6
										Heretaungan					45.7
		Ypresian								Heretaungan		Bumbanian			47.8
										Mangaorapan					48.9
										Waipawan					52
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Teurian	Gashatan				56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Mata	Haumurian					66
		Campanian								Haumurian					72.1
		Santonian								Piripauan					83.6
		Santonian							Raukumara	Teratan					86.1
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
										Mangaotanean					90.5
										Arowhanan					93.7
		Cenomanian								Arowhanan					93.9
									Clarence	Ngaterian					95.2
										Motuan					99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Motuan					100.5
										Urutawan					103.3
									Taitai	Korangan					108.4
		Aptian								Korangan					113
		Aptian													117.5
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Dorashamian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Dzhulfian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian	Midian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian		Wordian	Midian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Wordian		Wordian	Murgabian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	266.2 *
		Roadian		Roadian	Murgabian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian	Cathedralian	Kubergandian		273.01
					Cathedralian	Bolorian		279.8
					Hessian			281.9 *
		Artinskian						283.5
						Yakhtashian		286
				Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	Yakhtashian		286.1 *
		Sakmarian			Lenoxian	Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian			Nealian	Asselian		293.52
		Asselian			Nealian	Asselian		Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Kuzel	Mapingian †				298.9
								Stephanian					Stephanian C	300.3 *
													Stephanian B	300.9 *
													Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian											Stephanian A	303.7
													Cantabrian	305 *
														305.9
		Moscovian												307
								Westphalian				Westphalian D	307.4 *
											Westphalian C	309.8
											Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian									Westphalian B	315.2
											Westphalian A	317 *
								Namurian			Yeadonian	318.8 *
											Marsdenian	320.2 *
											Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
											Alportian	322 *
											Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian									Chokierian	323.2
											Arnsbergian	324 *
											Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean						Warnantian			Brigantian †	330.9
								Livian			Asbian †	336.3 *
								Moliniacian			Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian						Ivorian				346.7
		Tournaisian						Hastarian				353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Ohesaare							419.2
	Pridoli		Kaugetuma							421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	Kuressaare							423
		Ludfordian	Paadla							423.4 *
		Gorstian	Paadla							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula							427.4
		Homerian	Jaagarahu							429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu							430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani							431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani							433.4
		Telychian	Adavere							434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere							438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula							439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula							440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru							441.4 *
															443.8