PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of North America		Permian of China	North American Land Mammal Ages	Devonian of Czechoslovakia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean		0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian						0.0042
		Greenlandian						0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean		0.014
		Chibanian				Rancholabrean		0.129
		Chibanian				Irvingtonian		0.21
		Calabrian				Irvingtonian		0.774
		Calabrian				Blancan		1.4
		Gelasian						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						2.58
		Zanclean						3.6
		Zanclean				Hemphillian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian						5.333
		Tortonian						7.246
		Tortonian				Clarendonian		9.4
		Serravallian				Clarendonian		11.63
		Serravallian				Barstovian		12.5
		Langhian						13.82
		Burdigalian						15.98
						Hemingfordian		16.3
						Arikareean		18.5
		Aquitanian						20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						23.03
		Rupelian						27.82
						Whitneyan		29.5
						Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Chadronian		33.9
		Priabonian				Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian				Duchesnean		37.71
		Bartonian				Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian				Uintan		41.2
		Lutetian				Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian				Bridgerian		47.8
						Wasatchian		50.5
						Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Clarkforkian		56
		Thanetian				Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian				Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian				Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian				Torrejonian		61.6
		Danian				Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						66
		Campanian						72.1
		Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						100.5
		Aptian						113
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
		Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian	Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian	Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian	Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian	Wordian	Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian	Roadian	Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian	Cathedralian	Luodianian		273.01
		Kungurian		Hessian			281.9 *
		Artinskian					283.5
					Longlinian		285.4 *
			Wolfcampian	Lenoxian			286.1 *
		Sakmarian		Lenoxian			290.1
		Asselian		Nealian	Zisongian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Zisongian		298.9
		Gzhelian					300.1
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian					Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian					Lochkovian	410.8
								419.2