PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of North America		Permian of the Pamirs	Devonian of Germany	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cretaceous Subepochs	Central Paratethys Stages	Permian of China	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Lujanian						0.0117
		Chibanian					Lujanian						0.129
		Chibanian					Ensenadan						0.3 *
		Calabrian					Ensenadan						0.774
		Calabrian					Sanandresian	Uquian †					1.7 *
		Gelasian					Sanandresian						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Vorohuean						2.58
		Piacenzian					Chapadmalalan						2.9 *
		Zanclean					Chapadmalalan						3.6
							Montehermosan						3.7 *
							Huayquerian						4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian								Pannonian			7.246
							Chasicoan						7.9 *
							Mayoan						9.9 *
							Laventan						10.9 *
		Serravallian								Sarmatian			11.63
										Badenian			12.8 *
							Colloncuran			Badenian			13.7 *
		Langhian					Colloncuran						13.82
		Langhian					Friasian						15.4 *
		Burdigalian					Friasian						15.98
							Santacrucian						16.2 *
							Colhuehuapian						17.4 *
		Aquitanian					Colhuehuapian						20.44
		Aquitanian					Deseadan						20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
		Rupelian											27.82
		Rupelian					Tinguirirican						28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian					Tinguirirican						33.9
		Priabonian					Divisaderan						35.9 *
		Bartonian											37.71
		Lutetian											41.2
		Lutetian					Mustersan						41.9 *
		Ypresian					Mustersan						47.8
		Ypresian					Casamayoran						47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Riochican						56
							Itaboraian						56.9 *
							Peligran						58.9 *
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
		Danian					Tiupampan						62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Senonian				66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Gallic				100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian							Neocomian				125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian											192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian	Meishanian	Melekhovian	251.902
		Changhsingian	Dorashamian	Baoqingian		253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian	Laoshanian		Zechstein		254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian	Laibinian		Zechstein		257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian	Midian		Lengwuan		Rotliegendes			259.51
		Wordian	Wordian			Kuhfengian					264.28
					Noginskian						264.9 *
				Murgabian							266.2 *
		Roadian	Roadian	Murgabian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian	Cathedralian		Kubergandian					Luodianian	273.01
					Pavlovoposadian	Kubergandian						276.8 *
						Bolorian				279.8
				Hessian						281.9 *
		Artinskian						Autunian		283.5
										Longlinian	285.4 *
						Yakhtashian					286
			Wolfcampian	Lenoxian							286.1 *
					Rusavkinian						287.6 *
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian		Nealian		Asselian				Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian									300.1
		Kasimovian			Dorogomilovian						303.7
					Khamovnikian						304.8
					Krevyakinian						305.8 *
		Moscovian			Myachkovian						307
					Podolskian						308.9 *
					Kashirian						311.4 *
					Vereian						313.8
					Melekessian						314.8
		Bashkirian			Melekessian						315.2
					Cheremshanian						316.9 *
					Prikamian						318.6 *
					Severokeltmian						319.9 *
					Krasnopolyanian		321.2 *
					Voznesenian		321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Zapaltjubian		323.2
					Protvian		324.4 *
					Steshevian		326.8 *
					Tarusian		329 *
		Visean			Venevian		330.9
					Mikhailovian		331.9 *
					Aleksinian		333.7 *
					Tulian		335.8 *
					Bobrikian		339.9 *
					Radaevkian		343.4 *
		Tournaisian			Kosvian		346.7
					Kizelian		350.7 *
					Cherepetian		351.9 *
					Karakubian		354.4 *
					Upinian		356.3 *
					Malevkian		357.6 *
					Gumerovian		358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian				393.3
		Pragian			Siegen				407.6
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							485.4
		Jiangshanian							489.5
		Paibian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							497
		Guzhangian							Arcadian		498.4
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan									504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Branchian		509
		Stage 3							Branchian		514
		Stage 3	Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		529
													538.8