PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of North America		Mesozoic Subages		European Faunal Units	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Nihewanian	0.0117
		Chibanian											0.129
		Calabrian											0.774
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Villanyian					Yushean	2.58
		Piacenzian					Ruscinian						3.1 *
		Zanclean											3.6
		Zanclean										Baodean	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian					Turolian						5.333
		Tortonian					Turolian						7.246
							Vallesian						8.7
							Vallesian					Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian					Astaracian					Tunggurian	11.63
		Langhian					Astaracian					Shanwangian	13.82
		Burdigalian					Orleanian					Shanwangian	15.98
							Orleanian					Xiejiaan	16.9
							Agenian						20
		Aquitanian					Agenian						20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian											33.9
		Bartonian											37.71
		Lutetian											41.2
		Ypresian											47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian											56
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian								72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian								100.5
					Middle Albian								106.2 *
					Early Albian								109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian								113
		Aptian			Early Aptian								119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian								139.8
					Middle Berriasian								140.6 *
					Early Berriasian								142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian								152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian								168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian								168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian								174.7
					Middle Toarcian								180.4 *
					Early Toarcian								182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian								184.2
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian								192.9
		Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian			Sevatian								208.5
					Alaunian								213.2 *
			Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian	227
		Carnian	Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian	242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian	Cathedralian		273.01
		Kungurian			Hessian		281.9 *
		Artinskian			Hessian		283.5
		Artinskian		Wolfcampian	Lenoxian		286.1 *
		Sakmarian			Lenoxian		290.1
		Asselian			Nealian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Kosovian	443.8
		Katian					Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian					Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian							453
						Zahorany †/Vinice			Letna †	456.2 *
						Liben †				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
							Dobrotivian			458.5 *
							Oretanian			459.7 *
						Sarka †				461.7 *
		Dapingian				Klabava †				467.3
		Dapingian					Arenigian			468
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Arenigian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10									Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian									Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian									Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian									Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian								Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan								Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan								Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4								Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3								Dyeran		514
										Montezuman		514.8 *
										Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
													538.8