PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian of North America		Mesozoic Subages		Precambrian of Russia	Permian of the Russian Platform		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	European Faunal Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Tarantian		0.0117
				Chibanian								Ionian		0.129
				Calabrian										0.774
				Gelasian										1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Villanyian	2.58
				Piacenzian									Ruscinian	3.1 *
				Zanclean									Ruscinian	3.6
			Miocene	Messinian									Turolian	5.333
				Tortonian									Turolian	7.246
				Tortonian									Vallesian	8.7
				Serravallian									Astaracian	11.63
				Langhian									Astaracian	13.82
				Burdigalian									Orleanian	15.98
				Burdigalian									Agenian	20
				Aquitanian									Agenian	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian										27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian										33.9
				Bartonian										37.71
				Lutetian										41.2
				Ypresian										47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian										56
				Selandian										59.2
				Danian										61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian							66
				Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian							72.1
				Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							83.6
				Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian							86.3
				Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian							89.8
				Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian							93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian							100.5
							Middle Albian							106.2 *
							Early Albian							109.9 *
				Aptian			Late Aptian							113
				Aptian			Early Aptian							119.5 *
				Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian							121.4
				Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian							125.77
				Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian							132.6
				Berriasian			Late Berriasian							139.8
							Middle Berriasian							140.6 *
							Early Berriasian							142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						145
				Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian							149.2
				Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian							152.2 *
				Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						154.8
				Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian							161.5
				Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian							165.3
				Bajocian			Late Bajocian							168.2
				Bajocian			Early Bajocian							168.6 *
				Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian							170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian							174.7
							Middle Toarcian							180.4 *
							Early Toarcian							182.9 *
				Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian							184.2
				Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian							192.9
				Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian							199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
				Norian			Sevatian							208.5
							Alaunian							213.2 *
							Lacian							216.7 *
				Carnian			Tuvalian							227
				Carnian			Julian							233.4 *
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	Longobardian	237
			Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian	251.2
				Griesbachian	251.4 *
				Griesbachian	Kathwai	251.5 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Kathwai	251.902
						252.4 *
					Chhidru	252.9 *
			Wuchiapingian		Chhidru	254.14
					Kalabagh	255 *
					Wargal	256 *
						Tatarian	Vyatkian		256.8 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian				Capitanian		Severodvinian	259.51
			Wordian				Wordian		Urzhumian	264.28
										265.3 *
					Amb					266.1 *
			Roadian		Amb	Roadian	Kazanian		Povolzhian	266.9
			Roadian		Sokian	Roadian	Kazanian			270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian	Cathedralian	Kungurian			Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
										Filipovian	276.5 *
										Saraninian	280.1 *
						Hessian				Saraninian	281.9 *
			Artinskian				Artinskian			Sarginian	283.5
										Irginian	285.9 *
					Wolfcampian	Lenoxian				Irginian	286.1 *
										Burtsevian	287.8 *
			Sakmarian				Sakmarian			Sterlitamakian	290.1
			Sakmarian				Sakmarian			Tastubian	291.7 *
			Asselian			Nealian	Asselian			Shikhanian	293.52
										Uskalykian	294.8
										Surenian	297.5
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								Mapingian †	298.9
			Kasimovian								Mapingian †	303.7
			Kasimovian									305.9
			Moscovian									307
			Bashkirian									315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian									323.2
			Visean									330.9
			Tournaisian									346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian									358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian									372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
			Pragian					407.6
			Lochkovian					410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
			Rhuddanian					440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
			Katian					445.2
			Sandbian					453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian					470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					485.4
			Jiangshanian					489.5
			Paibian					494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian					497
			Drumian					500.5
			Wuliuan					504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4					509
		Series 2	Stage 3					514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran						Vendian				538.8
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian										720
		Tonian						Karatau				800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian						Karatau				1000
		Stenian						Yurmatian				1100
		Ectasian						Yurmatian				1200
		Ectasian						Burzyan				1375
														1400