PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of North America		Mesozoic Subages		Silurian Ages of Europe	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cambrian Epochs	Silurian of England		Ordovician of the Baltic
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Lujanian							0.0117
		Chibanian						Lujanian							0.129
		Chibanian						Ensenadan							0.3 *
		Calabrian						Ensenadan							0.774
		Calabrian						Sanandresian	Uquian †						1.7 *
		Gelasian						Sanandresian							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Vorohuean							2.58
		Piacenzian						Chapadmalalan							2.9 *
		Zanclean						Chapadmalalan							3.6
								Montehermosan							3.7 *
								Huayquerian							4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
								Chasicoan							7.9 *
								Mayoan							9.9 *
								Laventan							10.9 *
		Serravallian						Laventan							11.63
		Serravallian						Colloncuran							13.7 *
		Langhian						Colloncuran							13.82
		Langhian						Friasian							15.4 *
		Burdigalian						Friasian							15.98
								Santacrucian							16.2 *
								Colhuehuapian							17.4 *
		Aquitanian						Colhuehuapian							20.44
		Aquitanian						Deseadan							20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
		Rupelian													27.82
		Rupelian						Tinguirirican							28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian						Tinguirirican							33.9
		Priabonian						Divisaderan							35.9 *
		Bartonian													37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Lutetian						Mustersan							41.9 *
		Ypresian						Mustersan							47.8
		Ypresian						Casamayoran							47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Riochican							56
								Itaboraian							56.9 *
								Peligran							58.9 *
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
		Danian						Tiupampan							62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian										72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian										100.5
					Middle Albian										106.2 *
					Early Albian										109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian										113
		Aptian			Early Aptian										119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian										139.8
					Middle Berriasian										140.6 *
					Early Berriasian										142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian										152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
			Late Bajocian			Humphresianum	168.4
			Early Bajocian			Humphresianum	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
			Late Toarcian				180.1
			Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
			Middle Toarcian		Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
			Early Toarcian		Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian	Sevatian				208.5
			Alaunian				213.2 *
			Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian				227
		Carnian	Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian				237
		Ladinian	Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian				242
			Pelsonian				243.8 *
			Bithynian				244.7 *
			Aegean				245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian				247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian				248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian				251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian				251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian					Wordian		264.28
		Roadian					Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Leonardian		Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian							Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian							Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian					Wolfcampian		Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian							Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian							Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Late Famennian	358.9
									Middle Famennian	365.3 *
									Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian							Late Frasnian	372.2
									Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
									Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Late Givetian	382.7
									Middle Givetian	383.7 *
									Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian							Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian							Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian							Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian							Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian							Late Lochkovian	410.8
									Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian					415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle					Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle					Bringewood/Elton		421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Coalbrookdale					Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Gorstian									425.6
		Gorstian							Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian							Buildwas		Gleedonian	427.4
				Wych		Woolhope			428.4 *		Gleedonian
									Whitwellian		429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
		Telychian									436.3 *
		Aeronian									438.5
		Aeronian		Cowleigh Park							439.3 *
		Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Harju						Porkuni	443.8
		Katian									Pirgu	445.2
											Vormsi	449.6 *
											Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
					Viru						Rakvere		450.6 *
											Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian									Keila	Idavere †	453
											Haljala		453.9
											Kukruse		456.4 *
											Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									Uhaku		458.4
											Lasnamagi		458.9 *
											Aseri		460.4 *
					Oeland						Kunda		462.9 *
											Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
			Volkhov								Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka		467.1 *
		Dapingian	Volkhov										467.3
		Dapingian	Billingen										469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian											470
											Latorp †		470.1 *
			Hunneberg										473.7 *
		Tremadocian	Hunneberg										477.7
			Varangu										481.3 *
			Pakerort										482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Pakerort								Late Cambrian			485.4
														486.3 *
							486.5
		Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian						500.5
		Wuliuan						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Early Cambrian	509
	Series 2	Stage 3						514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
															538.8