PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of North America		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous of China	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian Epochs		Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene					0.129
		Calabrian									Early Pleistocene					0.774
		Gelasian									Early Pleistocene					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Late Pliocene					2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean									Early Pliocene					3.6
	Miocene	Messinian									Late Miocene					5.333
		Tortonian									Late Miocene					7.246
		Serravallian									Middle Miocene					11.63
		Langhian									Middle Miocene					13.82
		Burdigalian									Early Miocene					15.98
		Aquitanian									Early Miocene					20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Late Oligocene					23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian									Early Oligocene					27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian									Late Eocene					33.9
		Bartonian									Middle Eocene					37.71
		Lutetian									Middle Eocene					41.2
		Ypresian									Early Eocene					47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Late Paleocene					56
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene					59.2
		Danian									Early Paleocene					61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian						Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian								72.1
		Santonian						Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian						Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian						Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian						Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Late Albian								100.5
								Middle Albian								106.2 *
								Early Albian								109.9 *
		Aptian						Late Aptian								113
		Aptian						Early Aptian								119.5 *
		Barremian						Late Barremian/Early Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian						Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian						Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian						Late Berriasian								139.8
								Middle Berriasian								140.6 *
								Early Berriasian								142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							145
		Tithonian						Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian						Late Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Kimmeridgian						Early Kimmeridgian								152.2 *
		Oxfordian						Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							154.8
		Oxfordian							Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian						Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian			Epizigzagiceras			Late Bajocian						Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites		168.2
					Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense			Late Bajocian							Humphresianum	168.4
					Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense			Early Bajocian							Humphresianum	168.6 *
		Aalenian			Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta			Late Toarcian						Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
					Planulata											179.3 *
							Arnioceras arnouldi									179.8 *
																180.1
								Middle Toarcian								180.4 *
					Kanense											181.3 *
					Kanense									Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
					Carlottense											182.3 *
					Carlottense			Early Toarcian								182.9 *
					Kunae			Early Toarcian								183.5 *
		Pliensbachian			Kunae			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
					Freboldi											185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras										186.2 *
						Tetraspidoceras										189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras				Psiloceras	196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites					196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian				Sevatian		208.5
						Alaunian		213.2 *
						Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian				Tuvalian		227
		Carnian				Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian		237
		Ladinian				Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian		242
						Pelsonian		243.8 *
						Bithynian		244.7 *
						Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian				Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan				Dienerian		251.2
		Induan				Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian						Wordian		264.28
		Roadian						Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						Leonardian		Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian								Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian								Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian						Wolfcampian		Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian								Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian								Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									298.9
		Gzhelian									Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian									Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian									Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian										307
		Bashkirian										315.2
											Huashibanian	318.5 *
											Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian									Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian									Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean									Shangsian	330.9
		Visean									Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian							Tangbagouan		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian									Late Famennian	358.9
											Middle Famennian	365.3 *
											Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian									Late Frasnian	372.2
											Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
											Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian									Late Givetian	382.7
											Middle Givetian	383.7 *
											Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian									Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian									Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian									Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian									Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian									Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian									Late Lochkovian	410.8
											Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
											Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli										Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli										Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian											425.6
		Gorstian										Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4								Buildwas
		Homerian		Wych							Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Telychian			436.3 *
		Aeronian			438.5
		Aeronian		Cowleigh Park	439.3 *
		Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Harju		Porkuni				443.8
		Katian					Pirgu				445.2
							Vormsi				449.6 *
							Nabala				Johvi †	450 *
					Viru		Rakvere					450.6 *
							Oandu					452 *
		Sandbian					Keila				Idavere †	453
							Haljala					453.9
							Kukruse					456.4 *
							Uhaku				Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4	Uhaku
						Lasnamagi	458.9 *
						Aseri	460.4 *
					Oeland	Kunda	462.9 *
						Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum				464.3 *
						Volkhov					Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian				Volkhov						467.3
		Dapingian				Billingen						469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian										470
							Latorp †					470.1 *
						Hunneberg						473.7 *
		Tremadocian				Hunneberg		477.7
						Varangu		481.3 *
						Pakerort		482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Pakerort	Late Cambrian			485.4
										486.3 *
										486.5
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Middle Cambrian			497
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Early Cambrian			509
	Series 2	Stage 3								514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
																538.8