PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of North America		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Ordovician of North America						Cenozoic Subepochs	Carboniferous of China	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Devonian of France
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene				0.0117
		Chibanian										Middle Pleistocene				0.129
		Calabrian										Early Pleistocene				0.774
		Gelasian										Early Pleistocene				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Late Pliocene				2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean										Early Pliocene				3.6
	Miocene	Messinian										Late Miocene				5.333
		Tortonian										Late Miocene				7.246
		Serravallian										Middle Miocene				11.63
		Langhian										Middle Miocene				13.82
		Burdigalian										Early Miocene				15.98
		Aquitanian										Early Miocene				20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Late Oligocene				23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian										Early Oligocene				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										Late Eocene				33.9
		Bartonian										Middle Eocene				37.71
		Lutetian										Middle Eocene				41.2
		Ypresian										Early Eocene				47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Late Paleocene				56
		Selandian										Middle Paleocene				59.2
		Danian										Early Paleocene				61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Lancian/Edmontonian											66
		Campanian			Judithian/Aquilan											72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
		Pliensbachian														184.2
		Sinemurian														192.9
		Hettangian														199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
		Norian														208.5
		Carnian														227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian														237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian														242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian														247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan														251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian														251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian														254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian													259.51
		Wordian	Wordian													264.28
		Roadian	Roadian													266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian	Cathedralian												273.01
		Kungurian		Hessian												281.9 *
		Artinskian		Hessian												283.5
		Artinskian	Wolfcampian	Lenoxian												286.1 *
		Sakmarian		Lenoxian												290.1
		Asselian		Nealian												293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian														298.9
		Gzhelian											Xiaodushanian			300 *
		Kasimovian				303.7							Xiaodushanian
		Kasimovian				Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
						Huashibanian	318.5 *
						Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian				Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean				Shangsian	330.9
		Visean				Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian				Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Frasnian	Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Couvinien	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Emsian	393.3
		Pragian						Siegen	407.6
		Pragian					Coblencien	Siegen	408.2 *
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli								Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian							Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian			425.6				Paadla
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula				427.4
		Homerian			Jaagarahu				429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu				430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani				431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani				433.4
		Telychian			Adavere				434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere				438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula				439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula				440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru				441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Cincinnatian				Gamachian		443.8
		Katian							Gamachian		445.2
									Richmondian		446 *
									Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Edenian			450.4 *
					Mohawkian				Chatfieldian			451.1 *
		Sandbian							Chatfieldian			453
									Turinian			453.7 *
					Whiterockian						Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
		Dapingian											467.3
		Dapingian							Rangerian				469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Ibexian				Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian							Tulean					473.9 *
		Tremadocian							Tulean					477.7
									Stairsian					480.3 *
									Skullrockian				Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Skullrockian					485.4
		Stage 10												487.5
		Jiangshanian												489.5
		Paibian												494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian												497
		Guzhangian												Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian													500.5
		Wuliuan													504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4												Branchian	509
		Stage 3												Branchian	514
		Stage 3												Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	529
																538.8