PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian of North America		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Silurian of the Baltic	Cenozoic Subepochs	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ordovician of Australia	Devonian of Eastern North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene						0.0117
				Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene						0.129
				Calabrian					Early Pleistocene						0.774
				Gelasian					Early Pleistocene						1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Late Pliocene						2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean					Early Pliocene						3.6
			Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene						5.333
				Tortonian					Late Miocene						7.246
				Serravallian					Middle Miocene						11.63
				Langhian					Middle Miocene						13.82
				Burdigalian					Early Miocene						15.98
				Aquitanian					Early Miocene						20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Late Oligocene						23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian					Early Oligocene						27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian					Late Eocene						33.9
				Bartonian					Middle Eocene						37.71
				Lutetian					Middle Eocene						41.2
				Ypresian					Early Eocene						47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian					Late Paleocene						56
				Selandian					Middle Paleocene						59.2
				Danian					Early Paleocene						61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Lancian/Edmontonian								66
				Campanian			Judithian/Aquilan								72.1
				Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
				Aptian											113
				Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian											125.77
				Valanginian											132.6
				Berriasian											139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
				Kimmeridgian											149.2
				Oxfordian											154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian											165.3
				Bajocian											168.2
				Aalenian											170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
				Pliensbachian											184.2
				Sinemurian											192.9
				Hettangian											199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
				Norian											208.5
				Carnian											227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian											237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian											242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian								Vokhmian			247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan								Vokhmian			251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian											251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian			254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian							Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian			259.51
				Wordian	Wordian							Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian			264.28
				Roadian	Roadian							Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian			266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian	Cathedralian									273.01
				Kungurian		Hessian									281.9 *
				Artinskian		Hessian									283.5
				Artinskian	Wolfcampian	Lenoxian									286.1 *
				Sakmarian		Lenoxian									290.1
				Asselian		Nealian									293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian											298.9
				Kasimovian											303.7
Moscovian				307
Bashkirian				315.2
Mississippian			Serpukhovian	323.2
			Visean	330.9
			Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan				Cazenovian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Southwoodian				Cazenovian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian				Helderbergian		393.3
			Pragian							407.6
			Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian		Pridoli						Ohesaare			419.2
		Pridoli						Kaugetuma			421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare			423
			Ludfordian					Paadla			423.4 *
			Gorstian					Paadla			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula			427.4
			Homerian					Jaagarahu			429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu			430.5
			Sheinwoodian					Jaani			431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani	433.4
			Telychian					Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian				438.5	Adavere
			Aeronian				Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian				Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian				Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Bolindian	443.8
			Katian					Bolindian	445.2
								Eastonian	449 *
								Gisbornian	452 *
			Sandbian					Gisbornian	453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Darriwilian	458.4
			Dapingian					Yapeenian	467.3
			Dapingian					Castlemainian	468.5 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian					Chewtonian	470
								Bendigonian	471.8 *
								Lancefieldian	473.5 *
			Tremadocian					Lancefieldian	477.7
			Tremadocian					Warendian	482.8 *
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10						485.4
			Jiangshanian						489.5
			Paibian						494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian						497
			Drumian						500.5
			Wuliuan						504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4						509
		Series 2	Stage 3						514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †		Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †		Wonokan †	571.7 *
															635