PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian of North America		Ten Million Year Bins	European Faunal Units	Silurian of England		Mesozoic Subages		Devonian of France	Obsolete Names for ICS Units	North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Cenozoic 6								Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan											Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
				Late Pleistocene											Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian											Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian											Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian											Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian											Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian												1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Villanyian						Tertiary †		2.58
				Piacenzian				Ruscinian								3.1 *
				Zanclean												3.6
				Zanclean											Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian				Turolian								5.333
				Tortonian				Turolian								7.246
								Vallesian								8.7
								Vallesian							Clarendonian	9.4
				Serravallian			Cenozoic 5	Astaracian							Clarendonian	11.63
				Serravallian											Barstovian	12.5
				Langhian												13.82
				Burdigalian				Orleanian								15.98
															Hemingfordian	16.3
															Arikareean	18.5
								Agenian								20
				Aquitanian				Agenian								20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Cenozoic 4									23.03
				Rupelian												27.82
															Whitneyan	29.5
															Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian			Cenozoic 3								Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian											Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian											Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian											Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian			Cenozoic 2								Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian											Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian											Bridgerian	47.8
															Wasatchian	50.5
															Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Cenozoic 1								Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian											Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian											Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian											Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian											Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian											Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Cretaceous 8				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					66
				Campanian			Cretaceous 7				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
				Santonian			Cretaceous 6				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
				Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
				Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
				Cenomanian			Cretaceous 5				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian			Cretaceous 4				Late Albian					100.5
											Middle Albian					106.2 *
											Early Albian					109.9 *
				Aptian			Cretaceous 3				Late Aptian					113
				Aptian			Cretaceous 3				Early Aptian					119.5 *
				Barremian			Cretaceous 2				Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
				Hauterivian			Cretaceous 2				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					125.77
				Valanginian			Cretaceous 1				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
				Berriasian							Late Berriasian					139.8
											Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
											Early Berriasian					142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Jurassic 6				Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
Early Tithonian				Tithonian	146.3 *		Jurassic 6					Middle Tithonian
Kimmeridgian				Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
Kimmeridgian					Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
Oxfordian					Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
Middle Jurassic			Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
			Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
			Bajocian		Late Bajocian		168.2
			Bajocian		Early Bajocian		168.6 *
			Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian		Late Toarcian		174.7
					Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
					Early Toarcian		182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
			Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
			Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4			201.4
			Norian		Sevatian		208.5
					Alaunian		213.2 *
					Lacian		216.7 *
			Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian		227
			Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian		233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian		237
			Ladinian		Fassanian		239.7 *
			Anisian		Illyrian		242
					Pelsonian		243.8 *
					Bithynian		244.7 *
					Aegean		245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian		247.2
			Olenekian		Smithian		248.9 *
			Induan		Dienerian		251.2
			Induan		Griesbachian		251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4			251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian				Capitanian		259.51
			Wordian				Wordian		264.28
			Roadian	Roadian			Permian 3		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian			Cathedralian		Permian 2	273.01
			Kungurian				Hessian			281.9 *
			Artinskian				Hessian			283.5
			Artinskian	Wolfcampian			Lenoxian			286.1 *
			Sakmarian				Lenoxian			290.1
			Asselian				Nealian		Permian 1	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Carboniferous 5	298.9
			Kasimovian						Carboniferous 5	303.7
			Moscovian						Carboniferous 4	307
			Bashkirian						Carboniferous 4	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Carboniferous 3	323.2
			Visean						Carboniferous 2	330.9
			Tournaisian						Carboniferous 1	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Devonian 5	Famennian	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						Devonian 4	Frasnian	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						Devonian 3	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Devonian 3	Couvinien	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						Devonian 2		393.3
			Pragian						Devonian 1		407.6
			Pragian							Coblencien	408.2 *
			Lochkovian							Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							Silurian 2	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
		Pridoli								Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton		421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
			Gorstian										425.6
			Gorstian								Buildwas		426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian								Buildwas		427.4
			Homerian							Wych	Woolhope		428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian										430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						Silurian 1				433.4
			Telychian										436.3 *
			Aeronian										438.5
			Aeronian			Cowleigh Park				439.3 *
			Rhuddanian			Cowleigh Park				440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ordovician 5				443.8
			Katian			Ordovician 5				445.2
			Sandbian			Ordovician 4				453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Ordovician 3				458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			Ordovician 2				467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian			Ordovician 2				470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			Ordovician 1				477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Cambrian 5				485.4
			Jiangshanian							489.5
			Paibian							494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Cambrian 4				Series 3 †			497
			Drumian			Cambrian 4							500.5
			Wuliuan			Cambrian 3		Stage 5 †					504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4			Cambrian 3							509
		Series 2	Stage 3			Cambrian 2							514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Cambrian 2							521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian			Cambrian 1							529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												538.8
		Cryogenian												635
		Tonian												720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian												1000
		Ectasian												1200
		Calymmian												1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian												1600
		Orosirian												1800
		Rhyacian			2050
		Siderian			2300
Archean	Neoarchean				2500
	Mesoarchean				2800
	Paleoarchean				3200
	Eoarchean				3600
Hadean					4000
																4600