PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of North America		Ten Million Year Bins	Devonian of Germany	North American Land Mammal Ages	Silurian of North America			Cambrian of North America		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Carboniferous of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Cenozoic 6		Saintaugustinean								0
		Meghalayan					Santarosean								0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean								0.014
		Chibanian					Rancholabrean								0.129
		Chibanian					Irvingtonian								0.21
		Calabrian					Irvingtonian								0.774
		Calabrian					Blancan								1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
		Zanclean													3.6
		Zanclean					Hemphillian								4.7
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian					Clarendonian								9.4
		Serravallian			Cenozoic 5		Clarendonian								11.63
		Serravallian					Barstovian								12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
							Hemingfordian								16.3
							Arikareean								18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Cenozoic 4										23.03
		Rupelian													27.82
							Whitneyan								29.5
							Orellan								31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Cenozoic 3		Chadronian								33.9
		Priabonian					Duchesnean								37
		Bartonian					Duchesnean								37.71
		Bartonian					Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian			Cenozoic 2		Uintan								41.2
		Lutetian					Bridgerian								46.2
		Ypresian					Bridgerian								47.8
							Wasatchian								50.5
							Clarkforkian								54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cenozoic 1		Clarkforkian								56
		Thanetian					Tiffanian								56.2
		Selandian					Tiffanian								59.2
		Selandian					Torrejonian								60.9
		Danian					Torrejonian								61.6
		Danian					Puercan								63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Cretaceous 8										66
		Campanian			Cretaceous 7										72.1
		Santonian			Cretaceous 6										83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian			Cretaceous 5										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Cretaceous 4										100.5
		Aptian			Cretaceous 3										113
		Barremian			Cretaceous 2										121.4
		Hauterivian			Cretaceous 2										125.77
		Valanginian			Cretaceous 1										132.6
		Berriasian			Cretaceous 1										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Jurassic 6										145
		Kimmeridgian			Jurassic 5										149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian			Jurassic 4										165.3
		Bajocian			Jurassic 4										168.2
		Aalenian			Jurassic 3										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Jurassic 3										174.7
		Pliensbachian			Jurassic 2										184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian	Roadian	Permian 3	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian	Cathedralian	Permian 2			273.01
		Kungurian		Hessian				281.9 *
		Artinskian		Hessian				283.5
		Artinskian	Wolfcampian	Lenoxian				286.1 *
		Sakmarian		Lenoxian				290.1
		Asselian		Nealian	Permian 1			Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5			Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian						Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian						Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian			Carboniferous 4			Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian						Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian						Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian						Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3			Chesterian	323.2
		Visean			Carboniferous 2			Chesterian	330.9
								Meramecian	335.8 *
								Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1			Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1			Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Devonian 5			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Devonian 4			Adorf		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Devonian 3			Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Devonian 3			Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Devonian 2			Emsian		393.3
		Pragian			Devonian 1			Siegen		407.6
		Lochkovian			Devonian 1			Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Silurian 2					Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli									Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Lockportian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			Silurian 1		Ontarian				433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
											Alexandrian	438.7 *
							Medinan			Clinton		440.1 *
												440.7 *
		Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ordovician 5							443.8
		Katian			Ordovician 5							445.2
		Sandbian			Ordovician 4							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Ordovician 3							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			Ordovician 2							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Ordovician 2							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			Ordovician 1							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Cambrian 5							Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian											Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian											Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Cambrian 4							Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian			Cambrian 4							Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan			Cambrian 3							Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan										Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4										Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3			Cambrian 2							Dyeran		514
												Montezuman		514.8 *
												Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			Cambrian 1									529
															538.8