PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of China	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Ordovician of North America						Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ordovician of the Baltic				Cambrian of Britain	Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Nihewanian																	0.0117
		Chibanian																			0.129
		Calabrian																			0.774
		Gelasian																			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Yushean							Tertiary †										2.58
		Zanclean		Yushean																	3.6
		Zanclean		Baodean																	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian																			5.333
		Tortonian																			7.246
		Tortonian		Tunggurian																	11.1
		Serravallian		Tunggurian																	11.63
		Langhian		Shanwangian																	13.82
		Burdigalian		Shanwangian																	15.98
		Burdigalian		Xiejiaan																	16.9
		Aquitanian		Xiejiaan																	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																			23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																			27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																			33.9
		Bartonian																			37.71
		Lutetian																			41.2
		Ypresian																			47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																			56
		Selandian																			59.2
		Danian																			61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian																	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian																	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian																	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian																	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian																	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																	Late Albian		100.5
																			Middle Albian		106.2 *
																			Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian																	Late Aptian		113
		Aptian																	Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian																	Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian																	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian																	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian																	Late Berriasian		139.8
																			Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
																			Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian																	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian																	Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian																	Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian																	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian																		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian																	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian																	Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian																	Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian																	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																	Late Toarcian		174.7
																			Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
																			Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian																	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian																	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian																	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																			201.4
		Norian																	Sevatian		208.5
																			Alaunian		213.2 *
																			Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian																	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian																	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian		242
			Pelsonian		243.8 *
			Bithynian		244.7 *
			Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian		251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian			251.902
		Changhsingian	Baoqingian			253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian	Laoshanian			Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Laibinian			Longtanian †	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Lengwuan				259.51
		Wordian	Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian	Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian	Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian	Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian	Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian	Zisongian	293.52
		Asselian		Kuzel			297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
							300.1
				Stephanian			Stephanian C	300.3 *
							Stephanian B	300.9 *
							Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian					Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian					Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian					Cantabrian	307
				Westphalian			Westphalian D	307.4 *
							Westphalian C	309.8
							Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian					Westphalian B	315.2
							Westphalian A	317 *
				Namurian			Yeadonian	318.8 *
							Marsdenian	320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
							Alportian	322 *
							Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chokierian	323.2
							Arnsbergian	324 *
							Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean		Warnantian			Brigantian †	330.9
				Livian			Asbian †	336.3 *
				Moliniacian			Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Ivorian				346.7
		Tournaisian		Hastarian				353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Late Famennian					358.9
				Middle Famennian					365.3 *
				Early Famennian					368.5 *
		Frasnian		Late Frasnian					372.2
				Middle Frasnian					375.4 *
				Early Frasnian					379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Late Givetian					382.7
				Middle Givetian					383.7 *
				Early Givetian					385.9 *
		Eifelian		Late Eifelian					387.7
		Eifelian		Early Eifelian					390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Late Emsian					393.3
		Emsian		Early Emsian					398.3 *
		Pragian		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian					410.8
				Middle Lochkovian					412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian					415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli								Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli								Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian							Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian							Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian							Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian							Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani				431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani				433.4
		Telychian			Adavere				434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere				438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Cincinnatian	Gamachian			Harju	Porkuni		443.8
		Katian				Gamachian				Pirgu		445.2
						Richmondian				Pirgu		446 *
						Richmondian				Vormsi		449.6 *
						Maysvillian				Vormsi		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
						Maysvillian				Nabala			Johvi †	450 *
						Edenian				Nabala				450.4 *
			Viru			Edenian			Rakvere	450.6 *
					Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			Rakvere	451.1 *
									Oandu	452 *
		Sandbian							Keila	Idavere †			453
						Turinian			Keila				453.7 *
									Haljala				453.9
									Kukruse				456.4 *
					Whiterockian				Kukruse			Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
									Uhaku	Aluoja †				457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Uhaku					458.4
									Lasnamagi					458.9 *
									Aseri					460.4 *
			Oeland						Kunda					462.9 *
									Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum				464.3 *
									Volkhov					Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian													467.3
						Rangerian									469.1 *
						Rangerian			Billingen						469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Ibexian	Blackhillsian							Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
										Latorp †						470.1 *
									Hunneberg							473.7 *
						Tulean										473.9 *
		Tremadocian				Tulean										477.7
						Stairsian	480.3 *
						Stairsian	Varangu		481.3 *
						Skullrockian	Varangu	Demingian †	482 *
							Pakerort	Demingian †	482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Pakerort						Merioneth		Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
																486.3 *
																486.5
																487.5
															Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian													Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian													Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian													Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian											Series 3 †		St Davids		497
		Drumian															500.5
		Wuliuan															Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4															Caerfai	509
	Series 2	Stage 3																514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2																521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian																529
																					538.8