PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian of China	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Permian of North America		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ordovician of the Baltic
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Wanganui	Haweran									0
				Northgrippian														0.0042
				Greenlandian														0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
				Chibanian														0.129
				Chibanian					Castlecliffian									0.34
				Calabrian					Castlecliffian									0.774
				Calabrian					Nukumaruan									1.63
				Gelasian					Nukumaruan									1.8
				Gelasian					Mangapanian									2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Mangapanian									2.58
				Piacenzian					Waipipian									3
				Zanclean					Waipipian									3.6
				Zanclean					Opoitian									3.7
			Miocene	Messinian				Taranaki	Kapitean									5.333
				Messinian					Tongaporutuan									7.2
				Tortonian					Tongaporutuan									7.246
				Tortonian				Southland	Waiauan									11.04
				Serravallian					Waiauan									11.63
				Serravallian					Lillburnian									13.05
				Langhian					Lillburnian									13.82
									Clifdenian									15.1
								Pareora	Altonian									15.9
				Burdigalian					Altonian									15.98
				Burdigalian					Otaian									18.7
				Aquitanian					Otaian									20.44
				Aquitanian				Landon	Waitakian									21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Waitakian									23.03
									Duntroonian									25.2
									Whaingaroan									27.3
				Rupelian														27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
								Arnold	Runangan									34.6
									Kaiatan									36.7
				Bartonian					Kaiatan									37.71
				Bartonian					Bortonian									39.1
				Lutetian					Bortonian									41.2
								Dannevirke	Porangan									42.6
									Heretaungan									45.7
				Ypresian					Heretaungan									47.8
									Mangaorapan									48.9
									Waipawan									52
			Paleocene	Thanetian					Teurian									56
				Selandian														59.2
				Danian														61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Mata	Haumurian			Lancian/Edmontonian						66
				Campanian					Haumurian			Judithian/Aquilan						72.1
				Santonian					Piripauan									83.6
				Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan									86.1
				Coniacian														86.3
				Turonian														89.8
									Mangaotanean									90.5
									Arowhanan									93.7
				Cenomanian					Arowhanan									93.9
								Clarence	Ngaterian									95.2
									Motuan									99.5
			Early Cretaceous	Albian					Motuan									100.5
									Urutawan									103.3
								Taitai	Korangan									108.4
				Aptian					Korangan									113
				Aptian														117.5
				Barremian														121.4
				Hauterivian														125.77
				Valanginian														132.6
Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan		145
			Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
				Kawhia	Ohauan		150
					Heterian		154.5
			Oxfordian				154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
			Callovian		Temaikan		164.3
			Bathonian				165.3
			Bajocian				168.2
			Aalenian				170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
			Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan		176
			Pliensbachian		Ururoan		184.2
			Pliensbachian		Aratauran		188.9
			Sinemurian				192.9
			Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
			Norian		Warepan		208.5
					Otamitan		217
					Oretian		221
			Carnian		Oretian		227
			Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan		237
			Ladinian		Etalian		238
			Anisian		Etalian		242
			Anisian		Malakovian		246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian		Vokhmian	247.2
			Olenekian		Nelsonian			249
			Induan		Nelsonian			251.2
			Induan	DUrville	Makarewan			251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan		Meishanian			251.902
					Waiitian		Meishanian			253.2
							Baoqingian			253.4 *
			Wuchiapingian				Laoshanian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		254.14
					Puruhauan		Laoshanian			254.2
					Puruhauan		Laibinian			257.7 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Lengwuan	Aparima		Flettian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
			Wordian	Kuhfengian			Flettian	Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
			Wordian				Barettian	Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	266
			Roadian					Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Luodianian				Leonardian		Cathedralian			273.01
							Mangapirian			Cathedralian			276
										Hessian			281.9 *
			Artinskian										283.5
							Telfordian						285
				Longlinian									285.4 *
								Wolfcampian		Lenoxian		286.1 *
												288.5
			Sakmarian									290.1
			Asselian	Zisongian						Nealian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Zisongian								298.9
			Gzhelian									300.1
			Kasimovian									303.7
			Moscovian									307
			Bashkirian									315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian									323.2
			Visean									330.9
			Tournaisian									346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian									Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						Adorf			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						Emsian			393.3
			Pragian						Siegen			407.6
			Lochkovian			Gedinnine			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						Gleedonian			427.4
			Homerian						Whitwellian			429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian									430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
			Aeronian									438.5
			Rhuddanian									440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									Harju	Porkuni	443.8
			Katian										Pirgu	445.2
													Vormsi	449.6 *
													Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
												Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
													Oandu		452 *
			Sandbian										Keila	Idavere †	453
													Haljala		453.9
													Kukruse		456.4 *
													Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										Uhaku		458.4
													Lasnamagi		458.9 *
													Aseri		460.4 *
												Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
													Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
													Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian										Volkhov			467.3
			Dapingian										Billingen			469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian													470
														Latorp †		470.1 *
Hunneberg													473.7 *
Hunneberg			Tremadocian										477.7
Varangu													481.3 *
Pakerort													482.2 *
Pakerort	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											485.4
														486.3 *
														486.5
			Jiangshanian											489.5
			Paibian											494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian											497
			Drumian								500.5
			Wuliuan								504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4								509
		Series 2	Stage 3								514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian	538.8
			Cryogenian				635
			Tonian				720
			Tonian		Karatau		800
		Mesoproterozoic	Stenian		Karatau		1000
			Stenian	Yurmatian	1100
			Ectasian	Yurmatian	1200
			Ectasian	Burzyan	1375
																		1400