PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of China	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of Siberia			Cambrian Epochs	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		European Faunal Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Wanganui	Haweran								0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Chibanian											0.129
		Chibanian			Castlecliffian								0.34
		Calabrian			Castlecliffian								0.774
		Calabrian			Nukumaruan								1.63
		Gelasian			Nukumaruan							MN 17	1.8
		Gelasian			Mangapanian							MN 17	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Mangapanian							MN 16	2.58
					Waipipian							MN 16	3
												MN 15	3.2
		Zanclean											3.6
					Opoitian								3.7
												MN 14	4.2
												MN 13	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian		Taranaki	Kapitean								5.333
		Messinian			Tongaporutuan								7.2
		Tortonian										MN 12	7.246
												MN 11	7.75
												MN 10	8.7
												MN 9	9.7
				Southland	Waiauan							MN 9	11.04
												MN 7 + 8	11.1
		Serravallian										MN 7 + 8	11.63
												MN 6	12.8 *
					Lillburnian							MN 6	13.05
		Langhian			Lillburnian							MN 5	13.82
					Clifdenian								15.1
				Pareora	Altonian								15.9
		Burdigalian										MN 4	15.98
												MN 3	16.9
					Otaian							MN 3	18.7
												MN 2	20
		Aquitanian											20.44
				Landon	Waitakian								21.7
												MN 1	22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
					Duntroonian								25.2
					Whaingaroan								27.3
		Rupelian											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian											33.9
				Arnold	Runangan								34.6
					Kaiatan								36.7
		Bartonian			Kaiatan								37.71
		Bartonian			Bortonian								39.1
		Lutetian			Bortonian								41.2
				Dannevirke	Porangan								42.6
					Heretaungan								45.7
		Ypresian			Heretaungan								47.8
					Mangaorapan								48.9
					Waipawan								52
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Teurian								56
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian								66
		Campanian			Haumurian								72.1
		Santonian			Piripauan								83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan								86.1
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
					Mangaotanean								90.5
					Arowhanan								93.7
		Cenomanian	93.9		Arowhanan
			Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
				Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan	100.5
				Urutawan	103.3
			Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian		Korangan	113
		Aptian			117.5
		Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Kimmeridgian			Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
					Kawhia	Ohauan	150
						Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Callovian				Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian					168.2
		Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
		Toarcian			Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian				Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian				Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian				Warepan	208.5
						Otamitan	217
						Oretian	221
		Carnian				Oretian	227
		Carnian			Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian				Etalian	238
		Anisian				Etalian	242
		Anisian				Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian				Nelsonian	249
		Induan				Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan			DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan	Meishanian	251.902
						Waiitian	Meishanian	253.2
							Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian					Laoshanian	254.14
						Puruhauan	Laoshanian	254.2
						Puruhauan	Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Lengwuan	Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian			Kuhfengian		Flettian	264.28
		Wordian					Barettian	266
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Luodianian			273.01
		Kungurian					Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian					Mangapirian	283.5
							Telfordian	285
					Longlinian		Telfordian	285.4 *
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian			Zisongian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Zisongian			298.9
		Gzhelian						300.1
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Chotec				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Daleje/Zlichovian				393.3
		Pragian		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
		Tremadocian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Mansian †					483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Batyrbaian					Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian	Batyrbaian								489.5
			Aksaian								490.7 *
			Sakian								492.2 *
		Paibian									494
		Paibian							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian							Middle Cambrian	497
		Guzhangian	Mayan/Menevian								499.5
		Drumian	Mayan/Menevian								500.5
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Amgan/Solvan							Early Cambrian	509
			Toyonian					Lenian †			510 *
			Botomian								512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian								514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian								515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian								521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian								525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian					Manykaian †			529
													538.8