PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of China	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Carboniferous of China	Carboniferous of North America	Cambrian Epochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Ten Million Year Bins
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Saintaugustinean	Cenozoic 6	0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene							Rancholabrean		0.014
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene							Rancholabrean		0.129
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene							Irvingtonian		0.21
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene							Irvingtonian		0.774
		Calabrian									Blancan		1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene									2.58
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene									3.6
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene							Hemphillian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene									5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian									Clarendonian		9.4
		Serravallian		Middle Miocene							Clarendonian	Cenozoic 5	11.63
		Serravallian									Barstovian		12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene									15.98
											Hemingfordian		16.3
											Arikareean		18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene								Cenozoic 4	23.03
		Rupelian		Early Oligocene									27.82
											Whitneyan		29.5
											Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene							Chadronian	Cenozoic 3	33.9
		Priabonian		Late Eocene							Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene							Duchesnean		37.71
		Bartonian									Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian									Uintan	Cenozoic 2	41.2
		Lutetian									Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian		Early Eocene							Bridgerian		47.8
											Wasatchian		50.5
											Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene							Clarkforkian	Cenozoic 1	56
		Thanetian		Late Paleocene							Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene							Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene							Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian		Early Paleocene							Torrejonian		61.6
		Danian		Early Paleocene							Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Cretaceous 8	66
		Campanian										Cretaceous 7	72.1
		Santonian										Cretaceous 6	83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian										Cretaceous 5	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										Cretaceous 4	100.5
		Aptian										Cretaceous 3	113
		Barremian										Cretaceous 2	121.4
		Hauterivian										Cretaceous 2	125.77
		Valanginian										Cretaceous 1	132.6
		Berriasian										Cretaceous 1	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										Jurassic 6	145
		Kimmeridgian										Jurassic 5	149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian										Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian			Epizigzagiceras								168.2
		Bajocian			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense								168.4
		Aalenian			Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni							Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta								174.7
			Planulata		179.3 *
			Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
			Kanense			181.3 *
			Carlottense			182.3 *
			Kunae			183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae			Jurassic 2	184.2
			Freboldi				185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi				Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
							Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras				Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian				Jurassic 1		192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras			196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites					196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Triassic 4		201.4
		Norian				Triassic 4		208.5
		Carnian				Triassic 3		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Triassic 2		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				Triassic 2		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Triassic 1		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				Triassic 1		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Meishanian		Permian 4	251.902
		Changhsingian				Baoqingian			253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian				Laoshanian			254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Laibinian			257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Lengwuan			259.51
		Wordian				Kuhfengian			264.28
		Roadian				Kuhfengian		Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Luodianian		Permian 2	273.01
		Artinskian				Luodianian			283.5
		Artinskian				Longlinian			285.4 *
		Sakmarian				Longlinian			290.1
		Asselian				Zisongian		Bursumian †	Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Virgilian	Carboniferous 5	298.9
										Xiaodushanian		300 *
												300.1
		Kasimovian						Missourian				303.7
								Missourian		Dalaun		305.8 *
								Desmoinesian				305.9 *
		Moscovian						Desmoinesian	Carboniferous 4			307
		Moscovian						Atokan				312.7 *
		Bashkirian						Atokan				315.2
								Morrowan				318.4 *
				Huashibanian						318.5 *
				Lousuan						321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Dewunian				Chesterian	Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Serpukhovian		Shangsian					Carboniferous 3	330.8 *
		Visean		Shangsian					Carboniferous 2	330.9
				Jiusian						335 *
								Meramecian		335.8 *
								Osagean		343.1 *
		Tournaisian		Tangbagouan				Osagean	Carboniferous 1	346.7
		Tournaisian		Tangbagouan				Kinderhookian	Carboniferous 1	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian							Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian							Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								Silurian 2	419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian							Ordovician 5	445.2
		Sandbian							Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Late Cambrian	Cambrian 5	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10					Sunwaptan					487.5
		Jiangshanian					Sunwaptan					489.5
		Jiangshanian	Steptoean		493 *
		Paibian	Steptoean		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Middle Cambrian		Cambrian 4		Marjumian		Albertian †	497
		Drumian			Cambrian 4		Marjumian			500.5
		Wuliuan			Cambrian 3		Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan					Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Early Cambrian				Delamaran		Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4					Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3			Cambrian 2		Dyeran			514
							Montezuman			514.8 *
							Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			Cambrian 1					529
													538.8