PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of China	Ordovician of North America						Cenozoic Subepochs	Central Paratethys Stages	Ordovician of Australia	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan											Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Late Pleistocene				0.0117
		Late Pleistocene								Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian								Middle Pleistocene			Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian								Middle Pleistocene			Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian								Early Pleistocene			Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian											Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Late Pliocene				2.58
		Zanclean								Early Pliocene				3.6
		Zanclean								Early Pliocene			Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian								Late Miocene				5.333
		Tortonian									Pannonian			7.246
		Tortonian									Pannonian		Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian								Middle Miocene	Sarmatian		Clarendonian	11.63
											Sarmatian		Barstovian	12.5
											Badenian			12.8 *
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian								Early Miocene				15.98
													Hemingfordian	16.3
													Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Late Oligocene				23.03
		Rupelian								Early Oligocene				27.82
													Whitneyan	29.5
													Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian								Late Eocene			Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian								Late Eocene			Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian								Middle Eocene			Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian											Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian											Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian											Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian								Early Eocene			Bridgerian	47.8
													Wasatchian	50.5
													Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Late Paleocene			Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian								Late Paleocene			Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian								Middle Paleocene			Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian								Middle Paleocene			Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian								Early Paleocene			Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian								Early Paleocene			Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian		251.902
		Changhsingian	Baoqingian		253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian	Laoshanian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Laibinian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Lengwuan	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian	Kuhfengian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian	Kuhfengian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Luodianian		273.01
		Artinskian	Luodianian		283.5
		Artinskian	Longlinian		285.4 *
		Sakmarian	Longlinian		290.1
		Asselian	Zisongian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Zisongian		298.9
		Gzhelian			300.1
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian			Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian			Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Cincinnatian	Gamachian	Bolindian	443.8
		Katian					Gamachian		445.2
							Richmondian		446 *
							Richmondian	Eastonian	449 *
							Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
							Edenian			450.4 *
						Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
								Gisbornian		452 *
		Sandbian								453
							Turinian			453.7 *
						Whiterockian			Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Darriwilian			458.4
		Dapingian						Yapeenian			467.3
								Castlemainian			468.5 *
							Rangerian	Castlemainian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Ibexian	Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	Chewtonian	470
											Bendigonian	471.8 *
											Lancefieldian	473.5 *
							Tulean					473.9 *
		Tremadocian					Tulean					477.7
							Stairsian					480.3 *
							Skullrockian			Demingian †		482 *
										Demingian †	Warendian	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										485.4
														487.5