PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of China	Ordovician of Australia	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Permian of the Russian Platform		North American Land Mammal Ages	Ordovician of North America				Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Silurian of North America			Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Saintaugustinean												0
		Meghalayan						Santarosean												0.0004
		Northgrippian																		0.0042
		Greenlandian																		0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean												0.014
		Chibanian						Rancholabrean												0.129
		Chibanian						Irvingtonian												0.21
		Calabrian						Irvingtonian												0.774
		Calabrian						Blancan												1.4
		Gelasian																		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																Tertiary †		2.58
		Zanclean																		3.6
		Zanclean						Hemphillian												4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																		5.333
		Tortonian																		7.246
		Tortonian						Clarendonian												9.4
		Serravallian						Clarendonian												11.63
		Serravallian						Barstovian												12.5
		Langhian																		13.82
		Burdigalian																		15.98
								Hemingfordian												16.3
								Arikareean												18.5
		Aquitanian																		20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																		23.03
		Rupelian																		27.82
								Whitneyan												29.5
								Orellan												31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian						Chadronian												33.9
		Priabonian						Duchesnean												37
		Bartonian						Duchesnean												37.71
		Bartonian						Uintan												39.7
		Lutetian						Uintan												41.2
		Lutetian						Bridgerian												46.2
		Ypresian						Bridgerian												47.8
								Wasatchian												50.5
								Clarkforkian												54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Clarkforkian												56
		Thanetian						Tiffanian												56.2
		Selandian						Tiffanian												59.2
		Selandian						Torrejonian												60.9
		Danian						Torrejonian												61.6
		Danian						Puercan												63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																		66
		Campanian																		72.1
		Santonian																		83.6
		Coniacian																		86.3
		Turonian																		89.8
		Cenomanian																		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																		100.5
		Aptian																		113
		Barremian																		121.4
		Hauterivian																		125.77
		Valanginian																		132.6
		Berriasian																		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											Oteke	Puaroan						145
		Kimmeridgian											Oteke	Puaroan						149.2
													Kawhia	Ohauan						150
														Heterian						154.5
		Oxfordian																		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																		161.5
		Callovian												Temaikan						164.3
		Bathonian																		165.3
		Bajocian																		168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian		Warepan	208.5
				Otamitan	217
				Oretian	221
		Carnian		Oretian	227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian		Etalian	238
		Anisian		Etalian	242
		Anisian		Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian	249
		Induan		Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	Meishanian	251.902
				Waiitian	Meishanian	253.2
					Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian			Laoshanian	Longtanian †	254.14
				Puruhauan			254.2
							Tatarian		Vyatkian	256.8 *
					Laibinian				Vyatkian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Lengwuan	Severodvinian	Aparima	Flettian				259.51
		Wordian	Kuhfengian	Urzhumian		Flettian				264.28
		Wordian		Urzhumian		Barettian				266
		Roadian		Kazanian			Povolzhian			266.9
		Roadian		Kazanian			Sokian			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Luodianian	Kungurian			Irenian/Ufimian			273.01
						Mangapirian	Irenian/Ufimian			276
							Filipovian			276.5 *
							Saraninian			280.1 *
		Artinskian		Artinskian			Sarginian			283.5
						Telfordian				285
			Longlinian							285.4 *
							Irginian			285.9 *
							Burtsevian			287.8 *
							Burtsevian			288.5
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian			Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian			Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian	Zisongian	Asselian			Shikhanian	293.52
							Uskalykian	294.8
							Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Gzhelian						300.1
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Cayugan		419.2
	Pridoli							Niagaran		422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
											Alexandrian	438.7 *
								Medinan		Clinton		440.1 *
												440.7 *
		Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Bolindian			Cincinnatian	Gamachian	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian										Gamachian	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
												Richmondian			446 *
								Eastonian							449 *
													Berounian		449.7 *
												Maysvillian			Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
												Edenian				450.4 *
											Mohawkian	Chatfieldian				451.1 *
								Gisbornian								452 *
		Sandbian														453
												Turinian				453.7 *
												Turinian				Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
											Whiterockian				Canadian †	Zahorany †/Vinice		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
														Liben †					458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Darriwilian											458.4
													Dobrotivian						458.5 *
													Oretanian						459.7 *
									Sarka †								461.7 *
		Dapingian						Yapeenian	Klabava †								467.3
								Yapeenian					Arenigian				468
								Castlemainian									468.5 *
								Castlemainian				Rangerian					469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Chewtonian			Ibexian	Blackhillsian					Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
								Bendigonian											471.8 *
								Lancefieldian											473.5 *
												Tulean							473.9 *
		Tremadocian							Tremadocian			Tulean							477.7
												Stairsian							480.3 *
												Skullrockian						Demingian †	482 *
								Warendian										Demingian †	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10																	485.4
		Stage 10									487.5
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian										Arcadian							498.4
		Drumian																	500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Branchian								509
		Stage 3	Branchian								514
		Stage 3	Placentian								517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
																				538.8