PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of China	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cenozoic Subepochs	European Faunal Units	Silurian of England		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cambrian of North America		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene									0.129
		Calabrian						Early Pleistocene									0.774
		Gelasian						Early Pleistocene									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Late Pliocene	Villanyian								2.58
		Piacenzian						Late Pliocene	Ruscinian								3.1 *
		Zanclean						Early Pliocene	Ruscinian								3.6
	Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene	Turolian								5.333
		Tortonian							Turolian								7.246
		Tortonian							Vallesian								8.7
		Serravallian						Middle Miocene	Astaracian								11.63
		Langhian						Middle Miocene	Astaracian								13.82
		Burdigalian						Early Miocene	Orleanian								15.98
		Burdigalian							Agenian								20
		Aquitanian							Agenian								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene									23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian						Early Oligocene									27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian						Late Eocene									33.9
		Bartonian						Middle Eocene									37.71
		Lutetian						Middle Eocene									41.2
		Ypresian						Early Eocene									47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Late Paleocene									56
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene									59.2
		Danian						Early Paleocene									61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian															72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Kimmeridgian													Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
															Kawhia	Ohauan	150
																Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Callovian														Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian															168.2
		Aalenian															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
		Toarcian													Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian														Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian														Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian															192.9
		Hettangian															199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian														Warepan	208.5
																Otamitan	217
																Oretian	221
		Carnian														Oretian	227
		Carnian													Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian														Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian														Etalian	238
		Anisian														Etalian	242
		Anisian														Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian										Vokhmian				Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian														Nelsonian	249
		Induan	251.2													Nelsonian
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	Meishanian		251.902
				Waiitian	Meishanian		253.2
					Baoqingian		253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian			Laoshanian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
				Puruhauan	Laoshanian		254.2
				Puruhauan	Laibinian		257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Lengwuan	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian	Kuhfengian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Flettian	264.28
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Barettian	266
		Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Luodianian				273.01
		Kungurian				Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian				Mangapirian	283.5
						Telfordian	285
			Longlinian			Telfordian	285.4 *
							288.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian	Zisongian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Zisongian				298.9
		Gzhelian					300.1
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian							425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian					Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Telychian							436.3 *
		Aeronian							438.5
		Aeronian					Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian					Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Kosovian			443.8
		Katian					Kralodvorian			Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian					Berounian				449.7 *
		Sandbian									453
											Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
										Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
							Dobrotivian						458.5 *
							Oretanian						459.7 *
										Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian								Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian					Arenigian						468
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Arenigian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10												Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian												Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian												Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian												Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian											Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian											Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan											Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan											Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4											Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4											Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3											Dyeran		514
													Montezuman		514.8 *
													Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		529
																	538.8