PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of China	Silurian of England		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Cretaceous Subepochs	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		European Faunal Units	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Villanyian	Tertiary †				2.58
		Piacenzian								Ruscinian					3.1 *
		Zanclean								Ruscinian					3.6
	Miocene	Messinian								Turolian					5.333
		Tortonian								Turolian					7.246
		Tortonian								Vallesian					8.7
		Serravallian								Astaracian					11.63
		Langhian								Astaracian					13.82
		Burdigalian								Orleanian					15.98
		Burdigalian								Agenian					20
		Aquitanian								Agenian					20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian						23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian						Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian						27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian						Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian							33.9
		Bartonian						Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan							37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Ypresian							Bumbanian						47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Gashatan							56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Senonian								66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Gallic								100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian					Neocomian								125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Pliensbachian													184.2
		Sinemurian													192.9
		Hettangian													199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian													208.5
		Carnian													227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian													237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian													242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian													247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan													251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian												251.902
		Changhsingian	Baoqingian												253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian	Laoshanian									Longtanian †			254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Laibinian									Longtanian †			257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Lengwuan												259.51
		Wordian	Kuhfengian												264.28
		Roadian	Kuhfengian												266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Luodianian												273.01
		Artinskian	Luodianian												283.5
		Artinskian	Longlinian												285.4 *
		Sakmarian	Longlinian												290.1
		Asselian	Zisongian												293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Zisongian											Mapingian †	298.9
		Gzhelian													300.1
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Kasimovian			305.9
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine				Ohesaare			419.2
						Bringewood/Elton				Ohesaare			421.3
						Bringewood/Elton				Kaugetuma			421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood			Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian				Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian							425.6
		Gorstian				Buildwas			426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian				Buildwas		Rootsikula	427.4
					Wych	Woolhope		Rootsikula	428.4 *
								Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian						Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian						Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian						Jaani	433.4
								Adavere	434 *
									436.3 *
		Aeronian							438.5
					Cowleigh Park				439.3 *
								Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian					440.8	Raikkula
		Rhuddanian					Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Batyrbaian	485.4
		Jiangshanian						Batyrbaian	489.5
								Aksaian	490.7 *
								Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian						Sakian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Ayusokkanian	Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian								499.5
		Drumian						Zhanaarykian		500.5
		Drumian						Tuesaian		503
		Wuliuan						Tuesaian		Stage 5 †	504.5
		Wuliuan								Stage 5 †	505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4									509
								Toyonian			510 *
								Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3						Botomian			514
		Stage 3						Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Tommotian			521
															525.5