PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of China	Permian Subages of Germany	Mesozoic Subages		Ordovician of Australia	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of China		Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Permian of the Salt Range	Cretaceous Subepochs
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian							23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian						Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian							27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian						Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian								33.9
		Bartonian						Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan								37.71
		Lutetian														41.2
		Ypresian							Bumbanian							47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Gashatan								56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian										Senonian	66
		Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian											72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian										Gallic	100.5
					Middle Albian											106.2 *
					Early Albian											109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian											113
		Aptian			Early Aptian											119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian										Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian											139.8
					Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
					Early Berriasian											142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian											152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian							Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites				168.2
					Late Bajocian								Humphresianum			168.4
					Early Bajocian								Humphresianum			168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian							Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian							Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense			174.7
					Late Toarcian											180.1
					Middle Toarcian											180.4 *
					Middle Toarcian							Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				182
					Early Toarcian							Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian							Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni				184.2
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian							Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi				192.9
		Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian							Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
		Norian			Sevatian											208.5
					Alaunian											213.2 *
					Lacian											216.7 *
		Carnian			Tuvalian											227
		Carnian			Julian											233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian											237
		Ladinian			Fassanian											239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian											242
					Pelsonian											243.8 *
					Bithynian											244.7 *
					Aegean											245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian											247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian											248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian											251.2
					Griesbachian											251.4 *
					Griesbachian									Kathwai		251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian	Buntsandstein										Kathwai		251.902
										252.4 *
							Chhidru			252.9 *
			Baoqingian							253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian	Laoshanian							254.14
							Kalabagh			255 *
							Wargal			256 *
			Laibinian						257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Lengwuan	Ohre/Aller				259.51
		Wordian	Kuhfengian	Leine				264.28
								265.3 *
							Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian					Amb	266.9
		Roadian						270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Luodianian					273.01
		Artinskian	Luodianian					283.5
		Artinskian	Longlinian					285.4 *
		Sakmarian	Longlinian					290.1
		Asselian	Zisongian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Zisongian					298.9
		Gzhelian						300.1
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Bolindian		Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian							Rawtheyan	445.2
									Cautleyan	448.9 *
						Eastonian			Cautleyan	449 *
									Pusgillian	449.3 *
								Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
									Cheneyan		451.5 *
						Gisbornian			Cheneyan		452 *
									Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian									453
										Actonian †	453.2 *
										Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
										Longvillian †		455.2 *
									Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
									Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Darriwilian		Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian				Darriwilian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian				Yapeenian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
						Yapeenian		Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
						Castlemainian						468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Chewtonian						470
						Chewtonian			Whitlandian			471.1 *
					Bendigonian	471.8 *
					Lancefieldian	473.5 *
						Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian				Tremadoc		Migneintian	477.7
								Cressagian	480.8 *
					Warendian			Cressagian	482.8 *
					Warendian				485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Niuchehean			Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian							Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian							Paibian				494
		Paibian							Paibian			Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Guzhangian			Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian		Drumian					500.5			Wangcunian †
		Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Duyunian					509
	Series 2	Stage 3		Nangaoian					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Meishucunian					521
		Fortunian		Meishucunian					529
		Fortunian		Jinnigian					530.7
																538.8