PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of China	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Silurian of the Baltic	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Ordovician of Britain				Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Chibanian													0.129
		Chibanian											Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian											Castlecliffian		0.774
		Calabrian											Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian											Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian											Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Mangapanian	Villanyian	2.58
													Waipipian	Villanyian	3
														Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean													3.6
		Zanclean											Opoitian		3.7
	Miocene	Messinian										Taranaki	Kapitean	Turolian	5.333
		Messinian											Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian													7.246
														Vallesian	8.7
												Southland	Waiauan	Vallesian	11.04
		Serravallian											Waiauan	Astaracian	11.63
		Serravallian											Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian											Lillburnian		13.82
													Clifdenian		15.1
												Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian											Altonian	Orleanian	15.98
													Otaian	Orleanian	18.7
														Agenian	20
		Aquitanian													20.44
		Aquitanian										Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Waitakian		23.03
													Duntroonian		25.2
													Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
												Arnold	Runangan		34.6
													Kaiatan		36.7
		Bartonian											Kaiatan		37.71
		Bartonian											Bortonian		39.1
		Lutetian											Bortonian		41.2
												Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
													Heretaungan		45.7
		Ypresian											Heretaungan		47.8
													Mangaorapan		48.9
													Waipawan		52
	Paleocene	Thanetian											Teurian		56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian											Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian											Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian										Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
													Mangaotanean		90.5
													Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian											Arowhanan		93.9
												Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
													Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											Motuan		100.5
													Urutawan		103.3
												Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian											Korangan		113
		Aptian													117.5
		Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
		Bajocian			Humphresianum	168.4
		Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		180.1
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
		Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
		Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Meishanian		251.902
		Changhsingian				Baoqingian		253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian				Laoshanian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Laibinian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Lengwuan	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian				Kuhfengian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian				Kuhfengian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Luodianian		273.01
		Artinskian				Luodianian		283.5
		Artinskian				Longlinian		285.4 *
		Sakmarian				Longlinian		290.1
		Asselian				Zisongian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Zisongian		298.9
		Gzhelian						300.1
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli							Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian						Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian						Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian						Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian						Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian						Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian						Jaani	433.4
		Telychian						Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian						Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian						Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian						Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian						Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Ashgill	Hirnantian	Bolindian	443.8
		Katian	Rawtheyan							445.2
			Cautleyan							448.9 *
			Cautleyan							Eastonian	449 *
			Pusgillian								449.3 *
			Caradoc						Streffordian		Onnian †	449.6 *
									Cheneyan			451.5 *
									Cheneyan	Gisbornian		452 *
									Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian										453
					Actonian †						453.2 *
					Marshbrookian †						Woolstonian †	454.2 *
					Longvillian †							455.2 *
					Longvillian †				Aurelucian			456.8 *
					Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				Aurelucian			457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					Darriwilian	458.4
		Darriwilian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					Darriwilian	461.3 *
		Dapingian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					Yapeenian	467.3
			Arenig	Fennian					Yapeenian	468.4 *
									Castlemainian	468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Chewtonian	470
				Whitlandian					Chewtonian	471.1 *
									Bendigonian	471.8 *
									Lancefieldian	473.5 *
				Moridunian						474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian						477.7
				Cressagian						480.8 *
				Cressagian					Warendian	482.8 *
									Warendian	485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							485.4
		Jiangshanian							489.5
		Paibian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							497
		Guzhangian							Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Branchian			509
		Stage 3				Branchian			514
		Stage 3				Placentian			517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
															538.8