PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian of China	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Permian Subages of Germany	Carboniferous Subepochs	South American Land Mammal Ages		Devonian of Eastern North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Lujanian				0.0117
				Chibanian							Lujanian				0.129
				Chibanian							Ensenadan				0.3 *
				Calabrian							Ensenadan				0.774
				Calabrian							Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
				Gelasian							Sanandresian				1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Vorohuean				2.58
				Piacenzian							Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
				Zanclean							Chapadmalalan				3.6
											Montehermosan				3.7 *
											Huayquerian				4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian											5.333
				Tortonian											7.246
											Chasicoan				7.9 *
											Mayoan				9.9 *
											Laventan				10.9 *
				Serravallian							Laventan				11.63
				Serravallian							Colloncuran				13.7 *
				Langhian							Colloncuran				13.82
				Langhian							Friasian				15.4 *
				Burdigalian							Friasian				15.98
											Santacrucian				16.2 *
											Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
				Aquitanian							Colhuehuapian				20.44
				Aquitanian							Deseadan				20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
				Rupelian											27.82
				Rupelian							Tinguirirican				28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian							Tinguirirican				33.9
				Priabonian							Divisaderan				35.9 *
				Bartonian											37.71
				Lutetian											41.2
				Lutetian							Mustersan				41.9 *
				Ypresian							Mustersan				47.8
				Ypresian							Casamayoran				47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian							Riochican				56
											Itaboraian				56.9 *
											Peligran				58.9 *
				Selandian											59.2
				Danian											61.6
				Danian							Tiupampan				62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
				Campanian											72.1
				Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
				Aptian											113
				Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian											125.77
				Valanginian											132.6
				Berriasian											139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
				Kimmeridgian											149.2
				Oxfordian											154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian											165.3
				Bajocian		Epizigzagiceras									168.2
				Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense									168.4
				Aalenian		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni									170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta									174.7
						Planulata									179.3 *
						Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi							179.8 *
Kanense					181.3 *
Carlottense					182.3 *
Kunae					183.5 *
Kunae				Pliensbachian	184.2
Freboldi					185.1 *
Whiteavesi/Imlayi					Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
					Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras					Canadensis	190.3 *
				Sinemurian		192.9
Pseudaetomoceras						Psiloceras	196.4 *
Franziceras/Euphyllites							196.5 *
Franziceras/Euphyllites				Hettangian			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
			Norian				208.5
			Carnian				227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Meishanian	Buntsandstein	251.902
			Changhsingian				Baoqingian		253.4 *
			Wuchiapingian				Laoshanian		254.14
			Wuchiapingian				Laibinian		257.7 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian				Lengwuan	Ohre/Aller	259.51
			Wordian				Kuhfengian	Leine	264.28
			Roadian				Kuhfengian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian				Luodianian		273.01
			Artinskian				Luodianian		283.5
			Artinskian				Longlinian		285.4 *
			Sakmarian				Longlinian		290.1
			Asselian				Zisongian		Bursumian †	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Zisongian		Late Pennsylvanian	Virgilian		298.9
			Gzhelian							Virgilian		300.1
			Kasimovian							Missourian		303.7
			Kasimovian							Desmoinesian		305.9 *
			Moscovian						Middle Pennsylvanian	Desmoinesian		307
			Moscovian						Middle Pennsylvanian	Atokan		312.7 *
			Bashkirian						Early Pennsylvanian	Atokan		315.2
			Bashkirian						Early Pennsylvanian	Morrowan		318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Late Mississippian	Chesterian		323.2
			Visean						Middle Mississippian	Chesterian		330.9
										Meramecian	335.8 *
										Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian						Early Mississippian	Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian						Early Mississippian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian							West Fallsian/Sonyean		Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian							Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Southwoodian		Cazenovian	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian							Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian										Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian										Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli												419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian											423
		Ludlow	Gorstian											425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian											427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian											430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian											433.4
			Aeronian											438.5
			Rhuddanian											440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian											443.8
			Katian											445.2
			Sandbian											453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian											467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian											470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian											477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											485.4
			Jiangshanian											489.5
			Paibian											494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian											497
			Drumian											500.5
			Wuliuan											504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4											509
		Series 2	Stage 3		514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2		521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran			Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian				635
		Tonian				720
		Tonian			Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian			Karatau	1000
		Stenian			Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian			Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian			Burzyan	1375
															1400