PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of China	Ten Million Year Bins	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Central Paratethys Stages	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Carboniferous of North America	Cambrian of Australia	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Cenozoic 6								Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Tarantian									0.0117
		Chibanian			Ionian									0.129
		Chibanian			Ionian								Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian											Castlecliffian	0.774
		Calabrian											Nukumaruan	1.63
		Gelasian											Nukumaruan	1.8
		Gelasian											Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Mangapanian	2.58
		Piacenzian											Waipipian	3
		Zanclean											Waipipian	3.6
		Zanclean											Opoitian	3.7
	Miocene	Messinian										Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian											Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian				Pannonian							Tongaporutuan	7.246
		Tortonian				Pannonian						Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian		Cenozoic 5		Sarmatian								11.63
						Badenian								12.8 *
						Badenian							Lillburnian	13.05
		Langhian											Lillburnian	13.82
													Clifdenian	15.1
												Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian											Altonian	15.98
		Burdigalian											Otaian	18.7
		Aquitanian											Otaian	20.44
		Aquitanian										Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Cenozoic 4									Waitakian	23.03
													Duntroonian	25.2
													Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian		Cenozoic 3										33.9
												Arnold	Runangan	34.6
													Kaiatan	36.7
		Bartonian											Kaiatan	37.71
		Bartonian											Bortonian	39.1
		Lutetian		Cenozoic 2									Bortonian	41.2
												Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
													Heretaungan	45.7
		Ypresian											Heretaungan	47.8
													Mangaorapan	48.9
													Waipawan	52
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Cenozoic 1									Teurian	56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8								Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian		Cretaceous 7									Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian		Cretaceous 6									Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian										Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
													Mangaotanean	90.5
													Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5									Arowhanan	93.9
												Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
													Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Cretaceous 4									Motuan	100.5
													Urutawan	103.3
												Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian		Cretaceous 3									Korangan	113
		Aptian		Cretaceous 3										117.5
		Barremian		Cretaceous 2										121.4
		Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2										125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6				145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5				149.2
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4		165.3
		Bajocian			Epizigzagiceras		168.2
		Bajocian			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense		168.4
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta		174.7
					Planulata		179.3 *
					Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
					Kanense			181.3 *
					Carlottense			182.3 *
					Kunae			183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Kunae			184.2
					Freboldi			185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi			Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
								Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras			Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1			192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras	196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian			Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4					201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4					208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian					Permian 4	251.902
		Changhsingian	Baoqingian						253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian	Laoshanian						254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Laibinian						257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Lengwuan						259.51
		Wordian	Kuhfengian						264.28
		Roadian	Kuhfengian					Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Luodianian					Permian 2	273.01
		Artinskian	Luodianian						283.5
		Artinskian	Longlinian						285.4 *
		Sakmarian	Longlinian						290.1
		Asselian	Zisongian					Permian 1	Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Zisongian					Carboniferous 5	Virgilian	298.9
		Gzhelian							Virgilian	300.1
		Kasimovian							Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian							Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian						Carboniferous 4	Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian							Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian							Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian							Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Carboniferous 3	Chesterian	323.2
		Visean						Carboniferous 2	Chesterian	330.9
									Meramecian	335.8 *
									Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian						Carboniferous 1	Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian						Carboniferous 1	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Devonian 5		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Devonian 4		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Devonian 3		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Devonian 3		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian						Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian						Devonian 1		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Silurian 2		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1				433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5				443.8
		Katian		Ordovician 5				445.2
		Sandbian		Ordovician 4				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		Ordovician 2				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ordovician 2				470
		Tremadocian		Ordovician 1				477.7
		Tremadocian		Ordovician 1				Mansian †		483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Cambrian 5				Datsonian		Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Stage 10						Payntonian					486.8 *
		Jiangshanian						Iverian					489.5
										Aksaian			490.7 *
										Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian						Idamean					494
		Paibian					Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	Idamean				494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Cambrian 4			Mindyallan	Ayusokkanian				497
					Boomerangian	499		Ayusokkanian
					Boomerangian	Mayan/Menevian	499.5
		Drumian			Undillan		500.5
		Drumian			Floran		503
		Wuliuan		Cambrian 3	Templetonian	Amgan/Solvan	504.5
		Wuliuan			Ordian		507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4					509
						Toyonian	Lenian †	510 *
						Toyonian		510.8 *
						Botomian		512.5 *
		Stage 3		Cambrian 2		Botomian		514
		Stage 3				Atdabanian		515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Tommotian		521
		Stage 2				Nemakit-Daldynian		525.5
		Fortunian		Cambrian 1		Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †	529
														538.8