PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of the Salt Range	Central Paratethys Stages	North American Land Mammal Ages	Silurian of England		Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian Epochs	Ordovician of the Baltic		Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean									0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean									0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene						0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean			Late Pleistocene						0.014
		Chibanian			Rancholabrean			Middle Pleistocene						0.129
		Chibanian			Irvingtonian			Middle Pleistocene						0.21
		Calabrian			Irvingtonian			Early Pleistocene						0.774
		Calabrian			Blancan									1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Late Pliocene						2.58
		Zanclean						Early Pliocene						3.6
		Zanclean			Hemphillian			Early Pliocene						4.7
	Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene						5.333
		Tortonian		Pannonian										7.246
		Tortonian		Pannonian	Clarendonian									9.4
		Serravallian		Sarmatian	Clarendonian			Middle Miocene						11.63
				Sarmatian	Barstovian									12.5
				Badenian										12.8 *
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian						Early Miocene						15.98
					Hemingfordian									16.3
					Arikareean									18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene						23.03
		Rupelian						Early Oligocene						27.82
					Whitneyan									29.5
					Orellan									31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Chadronian			Late Eocene						33.9
		Priabonian			Duchesnean			Late Eocene						37
		Bartonian			Duchesnean			Middle Eocene						37.71
		Bartonian			Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian			Uintan									41.2
		Lutetian			Bridgerian									46.2
		Ypresian			Bridgerian			Early Eocene						47.8
					Wasatchian									50.5
					Clarkforkian									54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Clarkforkian			Late Paleocene						56
		Thanetian			Tiffanian			Late Paleocene						56.2
		Selandian			Tiffanian			Middle Paleocene						59.2
		Selandian			Torrejonian			Middle Paleocene						60.9
		Danian			Torrejonian			Early Paleocene						61.6
		Danian			Puercan			Early Paleocene						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian										Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites		168.2
		Bajocian											Humphresianum	168.4
		Aalenian										Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons			Thouarsense	174.7
			Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons				180.1
			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				182
		Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni				184.2
		Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi				192.9
		Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
		Induan					251.2
		Induan					Kathwai		251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Kathwai		251.902
									252.4 *
							Chhidru		252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian					Chhidru		254.14
							Kalabagh		255 *
							Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
							265.3 *
				Amb			266.1 *
		Roadian		Amb			266.9
		Roadian					270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Late Famennian		358.9
							Middle Famennian		365.3 *
							Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian					Late Frasnian		372.2
							Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
							Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Late Givetian		382.7
					Middle Givetian		383.7 *
					Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian			Late Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian			Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian			Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian			Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian			Late Lochkovian		410.8
					Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Bringewood/Elton		421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale		Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Gorstian							425.6
		Gorstian					Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian					Buildwas		427.4
		Homerian			Wych		Woolhope		428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Telychian							436.3 *
		Aeronian							438.5
		Aeronian			Cowleigh Park	439.3 *
		Rhuddanian			Cowleigh Park	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Harju			Porkuni	443.8
		Katian							Pirgu	445.2
									Vormsi	449.6 *
			Nabala						Johvi †	450 *
			Viru			Rakvere				450.6 *
						Oandu				452 *
		Sandbian				Keila			Idavere †	453
						Haljala				453.9
						Kukruse				456.4 *
						Uhaku			Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Uhaku				458.4
						Lasnamagi				458.9 *
						Aseri				460.4 *
			Oeland			Kunda				462.9 *
						Kunda			Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
						Volkhov				Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian				Volkhov					467.3
		Dapingian				Billingen					469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
									Latorp †		470.1 *
						Hunneberg					473.7 *
		Tremadocian				Hunneberg					477.7
				Varangu		481.3 *
				Pakerort		482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Pakerort		Late Cambrian					485.4
											486.3 *
											486.5
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Middle Cambrian					497
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan									504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Early Cambrian					509
	Series 2	Stage 3									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
														538.8