PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of the Salt Range	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cambrian of China		Devonian of Eastern North America		Ordovician of China			Permian of Western Europe	Cambrian of Kazakhstan
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Tarantian										0.0117
		Chibanian		Ionian										0.129
		Calabrian												0.774
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean												3.6
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Serravallian												11.63
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
		Bartonian												37.71
		Lutetian												41.2
		Ypresian												47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian												56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian												208.5
		Carnian												227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian												247.2
		Induan												251.2
		Induan	Kathwai											251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Kathwai											251.902
														252.4 *
			Chhidru											252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian	Chhidru									Zechstein		254.14
			Kalabagh											255 *
			Wargal											256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian										Rotliegendes		259.51
		Wordian												264.28
														265.3 *
			Amb											266.1 *
		Roadian	Amb											266.9
		Roadian												270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian					Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian					Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
		Sandbian					Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian					Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian					Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Yiyangian			470
		Tremadocian					Xinchangian			Ungurian	477.7
		Tremadocian					Xinchangian		Lianghekou †	Ungurian	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †				Batyrbaian	485.4
		Jiangshanian					Jiangshanian					Batyrbaian	489.5
												Aksaian	490.7 *
												Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian					Paibian						494
		Paibian					Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian					494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Guzhangian	Wangcunian †				Ayusokkanian	497
		Guzhangian					Guzhangian						499.5
		Drumian					Drumian					Zhanaarykian	500.5
		Drumian					Drumian					Tuesaian	503
		Wuliuan					Wuliuan/Taijangian					Tuesaian	504.5
		Wuliuan					Wuliuan/Taijangian						505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4					Duyunian						509
												Toyonian	510 *
												Botomian	512.5 *
		Stage 3					Nangaoian					Botomian	514
		Stage 3					Nangaoian					Atdabanian	515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Meishucunian					Tommotian	521
		Stage 2											525.5
		Fortunian											529
		Fortunian					Jinnigian						530.7
														538.8