PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of the Salt Range	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of China		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Siberia		Mammal Paleogene Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Wanganui	Haweran													0
		Northgrippian																		0.0042
		Greenlandian																		0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Chibanian													Middle Pleistocene					0.129
		Chibanian					Castlecliffian								Middle Pleistocene					0.34
		Calabrian					Castlecliffian								Early Pleistocene					0.774
		Calabrian					Nukumaruan													1.63
		Gelasian					Nukumaruan													1.8
		Gelasian					Mangapanian													2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Mangapanian								Late Pliocene					2.58
		Piacenzian					Waipipian								Late Pliocene					3
		Zanclean					Waipipian								Early Pliocene					3.6
		Zanclean					Opoitian								Early Pliocene					3.7
	Miocene	Messinian				Taranaki	Kapitean								Late Miocene					5.333
		Messinian					Tongaporutuan													7.2
		Tortonian					Tongaporutuan													7.246
		Tortonian				Southland	Waiauan													11.04
		Serravallian					Waiauan								Middle Miocene					11.63
		Serravallian					Lillburnian													13.05
		Langhian					Lillburnian													13.82
							Clifdenian													15.1
						Pareora	Altonian													15.9
		Burdigalian					Altonian								Early Miocene					15.98
		Burdigalian					Otaian													18.7
		Aquitanian					Otaian													20.44
		Aquitanian				Landon	Waitakian													21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Waitakian								Late Oligocene			MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25	23.03
							Duntroonian													25.2
							Whaingaroan													27.3
		Rupelian													Early Oligocene			MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													Late Eocene			MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A		33.9
						Arnold	Runangan													34.6
							Kaiatan													36.7
		Bartonian					Kaiatan								Middle Eocene			MP 16		37.71
		Bartonian					Bortonian											MP 16		39.1
		Lutetian					Bortonian											MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11		41.2
						Dannevirke	Porangan													42.6
							Heretaungan													45.7
		Ypresian					Heretaungan								Early Eocene			MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7		47.8
							Mangaorapan													48.9
							Waipawan													52
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Teurian								Late Paleocene			MP 6	MP 1 - 5	56
		Selandian													Middle Paleocene					59.2
		Danian													Early Paleocene					61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Mata	Haumurian													66
		Campanian					Haumurian													72.1
		Santonian					Piripauan													83.6
		Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan													86.1
		Coniacian																		86.3
		Turonian																		89.8
							Mangaotanean													90.5
							Arowhanan													93.7
		Cenomanian					Arowhanan													93.9
						Clarence	Ngaterian													95.2
							Motuan													99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Motuan													100.5
							Urutawan													103.3
						Taitai	Korangan													108.4
		Aptian					Korangan													113
		Aptian																		117.5
		Barremian																		121.4
		Hauterivian																		125.77
		Valanginian																		132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan		150
				Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan		176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan		184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian		Warepan		208.5
				Otamitan		217
				Oretian		221
		Carnian		Oretian		227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian		Etalian		238
		Anisian		Etalian		242
		Anisian		Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian		249
		Induan		Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan	Kathwai	DUrville		Makarewan		251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Kathwai					251.902
								252.4 *
			Chhidru					252.9 *
						Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian		254.14
						Puruhauan		254.2
			Kalabagh					255 *
			Wargal					256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima		Flettian		259.51
		Wordian						264.28
								265.3 *
						Barettian		266
			Amb					266.1 *
		Roadian	Amb					266.9
		Roadian						270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Kungurian				Mangapirian		276
		Artinskian				Mangapirian		283.5
						Telfordian		285
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Gzhelian						Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian						Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian						Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
								Huashibanian	318.5 *
							Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian					Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean					Shangsian	330.9
		Visean					Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian			Tangbagouan		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Kosovian	443.8
		Katian					Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian					Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian							453
									Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
								Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
							Dobrotivian				458.5 *
							Oretanian				459.7 *
								Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian						Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian					Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Arenigian				470
		Tremadocian					Tremadocian				Ungurian	477.7
		Tremadocian					Tremadocian				Ungurian	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Niuchehean				Taoyuanian †		Batyrbaian	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian					Jiangshanian						Batyrbaian	Batyrbaian			489.5
													Aksaian	Aksaian			490.7 *
													Sakian	Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian					Paibian										494
																Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
											Waergangian †/Youshuanian					Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Guzhangian				Wangcunian †		Ayusokkanian	Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian					Guzhangian							Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian					Drumian						Zhanaarykian				500.5
		Drumian					Drumian						Tuesaian				503
		Wuliuan					Wuliuan/Taijangian						Tuesaian	Amgan/Solvan			504.5
		Wuliuan					Wuliuan/Taijangian										505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4	Duyunian				509
							Toyonian						Toyonian	Lenian †	510 *
							Botomian						Botomian		512.5 *
		Stage 3	Nangaoian				Botomian						Botomian		514
		Stage 3	Nangaoian				Atdabanian						Atdabanian		515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Meishucunian	Tommotian		Tommotian	521
		Stage 2				Nemakit-Daldynian	525.5
		Fortunian					Manykaian †						529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian				Manykaian †						530.7
																				538.8