PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of the Salt Range	Cenozoic Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			South American Land Mammal Ages		Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene						Sheridanian			Lujanian		Nihewanian	0.0117
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene						Sheridanian						0.129
										Cudahyan/Sappan						0.21
													Ensenadan			0.3 *
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene												0.774
										Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
													Sanandresian	Uquian †		1.7 *
		Gelasian											Sanandresian			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene	Tertiary †								Vorohuean		Yushean	2.58
		Piacenzian		Late Pliocene									Chapadmalalan			2.9 *
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene									Chapadmalalan			3.6
													Montehermosan			3.7 *
										Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Montehermosan			4.7
													Huayquerian		Baodean	4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene												5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
													Chasicoan			7.9 *
										Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Chasicoan			9.4
													Mayoan			9.9 *
													Laventan			10.9 *
															Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian		Middle Miocene												11.63
										late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
													Colloncuran			13.7 *
		Langhian											Colloncuran		Shanwangian	13.82
		Langhian											Friasian			15.4 *
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene									Friasian			15.98
													Santacrucian			16.2 *
										Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
															Xiejiaan	16.9
													Colhuehuapian			17.4 *
										late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
		Aquitanian											Deseadan			20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian							23.03
											Monroecreekian					23.1 *
											Geringian					24.7 *
		Rupelian		Early Oligocene				Kekeamuan								27.82
													Tinguirirican			28.9 *
																29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						33.9
										Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Divisaderan			35.9 *
																37
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan								37.71
		Bartonian								Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian														41.2
													Mustersan			41.9 *
										Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
		Ypresian		Early Eocene					Bumbanian							47.8
													Casamayoran			47.9 *
										Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
												Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene				Gashatan				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Riochican			56
												Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Riochican			56.2
													Itaboraian			56.9 *
													Peligran			58.9 *
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene												59.2
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene								To3/To2/To1				60.9
		Danian		Early Paleocene												61.6
													Tiupampan			62.4 *
												Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Tiupampan			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian	86.3
		Turonian	89.8
		Cenomanian	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	100.5
		Aptian	113
		Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	145
		Kimmeridgian	149.2
		Oxfordian	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	161.5
		Bathonian	165.3
		Bajocian	168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Induan	251.2
		Induan	Kathwai			251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Kathwai			251.902
						252.4 *
			Chhidru			252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian	Chhidru			Longtanian †	254.14
			Kalabagh				255 *
			Wargal				256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
							265.3 *
			Amb				266.1 *
		Roadian	Amb				266.9
		Roadian					270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli						Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian		Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian		Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian		Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani	433.4
		Telychian		Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian		Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian		Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			485.4
		Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Series 3 †		497
		Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †	504.5
																509