PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of the Salt Range	Cambrian of North America		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Cenozoic 6				0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Calabrian									Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Gelasian									Early Pleistocene	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Late Pliocene	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean									Early Pliocene	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian									Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian									Late Miocene	7.246
		Serravallian						Cenozoic 5			Middle Miocene	11.63
		Langhian									Middle Miocene	13.82
		Burdigalian									Early Miocene	15.98
		Aquitanian									Early Miocene	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Cenozoic 4			Late Oligocene	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian				Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian	Cenozoic 4			Early Oligocene	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Cenozoic 3			Late Eocene	33.9
		Bartonian				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Cenozoic 3			Middle Eocene	37.71
		Lutetian						Cenozoic 2			Middle Eocene	41.2
		Ypresian					Bumbanian	Cenozoic 2			Early Eocene	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Gashatan		Cenozoic 1			Late Paleocene	56
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian									Early Paleocene	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian						Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian						Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian						Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Cretaceous 4	Late Albian			100.5
									Middle Albian			106.2 *
									Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian						Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian			113
		Aptian						Cretaceous 3	Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian						Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian						Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian						Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian							Late Berriasian			139.8
									Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
									Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian						Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian						Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian							Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian							Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian								Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian						Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian							Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian							Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian						Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Late Toarcian			174.7
									Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
									Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian						Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian						Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian						Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						Triassic 4				201.4
		Norian							Sevatian			208.5
									Alaunian			213.2 *
									Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian						Triassic 3	Tuvalian			227
		Carnian						Triassic 3	Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
				Griesbachian	251.4 *
				Griesbachian	Kathwai			251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		Kathwai			251.902
								252.4 *
					Chhidru			252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian			Chhidru			254.14
					Kalabagh			255 *
					Wargal			256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
								265.3 *
					Amb			266.1 *
		Roadian	Permian 3		Amb		266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2			273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5			298.9
		Gzhelian				Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian				Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian				Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				307
		Bashkirian					315.2
						Huashibanian	318.5 *
						Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3			Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3			Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2			Shangsian	330.9
		Visean	Carboniferous 2			Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5			Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4			Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3			Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3			Couvinien		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1					407.6
		Pragian				Coblencien		408.2 *
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5					443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5					445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan					Cambrian 5	485.4
		Stage 10							Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian							Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian							Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian					Albertian †	Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian	Marjumian						Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan						Cambrian 3	504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran							506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran					Waucoban †		509
		Stage 4	Dyeran							511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran						Cambrian 2	514
			Montezuman	514.8 *
			Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		Cambrian 1					529
												538.8