PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of the Salt Range	Cambrian of Siberia			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Devonian Subages	Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous Subepochs
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian								Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian								Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian								Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian								Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Late Albian			100.5
										Middle Albian			106.2 *
										Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian								Late Aptian			113
		Aptian								Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian								Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian								Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian								Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian								Late Berriasian			139.8
										Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
										Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian								Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian								Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian								Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian								Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian									Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian								Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian								Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian								Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian								Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								Late Toarcian			174.7
										Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
										Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian								Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian								Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian								Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian								Sevatian			208.5
										Alaunian			213.2 *
										Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian								Tuvalian			227
		Carnian								Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								Longobardian			237
		Ladinian								Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian								Illyrian			242
										Pelsonian			243.8 *
										Bithynian			244.7 *
										Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian								Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan								Dienerian			251.2
										Griesbachian			251.4 *
			Kathwai							Griesbachian			251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Kathwai										251.902
													252.4 *
			Chhidru										252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian	Chhidru										254.14
			Kalabagh										255 *
			Wargal										256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian											259.51
		Wordian											264.28
													265.3 *
			Amb										266.1 *
		Roadian	Amb										266.9
		Roadian											270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian											273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
		Asselian		Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Kuzel	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
				Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
						Stephanian B	300.9 *
						Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian				Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian				Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian	Cantabrian	307
				Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
						Westphalian C	309.8
						Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian	Westphalian B	315.2
						Westphalian A	317 *
				Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
						Marsdenian	320.2 *
						Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
						Alportian	322 *
						Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian	Chokierian	323.2
						Arnsbergian	324 *
						Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean		Warnantian	Brigantian †	Middle Mississippian	330.9
				Livian	Asbian †		336.3 *
				Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Ivorian		Early Mississippian	346.7
		Tournaisian		Hastarian		Early Mississippian	353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Late Famennian		358.9
						Middle Famennian		365.3 *
						Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian				Late Frasnian		372.2
						Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
						Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Late Givetian		382.7
						Middle Givetian		383.7 *
						Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian				Late Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian				Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian				Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian				Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian				Late Lochkovian		410.8
						Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
						Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
		Tremadocian						477.7
		Tremadocian						Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Batyrbaian					Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10									Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										489.5
			Aksaian									490.7 *
			Sakian									492.2 *
											Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										494
		Paibian							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian							Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian	Mayan/Menevian									499.5
		Drumian	Mayan/Menevian									500.5
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan							Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan								Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Waucoban †	509
			Toyonian					Lenian †				510 *
			Toyonian							Dyeran		511 *
			Botomian									512.5 *
		Stage 3										514
										Montezuman		514.8 *
			Atdabanian							Montezuman		515.6 *
			Atdabanian							Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian									521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian									525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian					Manykaian †				529
													538.8