PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of the Salt Range	Ordovician of China			Devonian of Eastern North America		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Mesozoic Subages		Devonian of Germany	Ten Million Year Bins	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													Cenozoic 6	Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan														Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Late Pleistocene														Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian														Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian														Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian														Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian														Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Tertiary †								2.58
		Zanclean															3.6
		Zanclean														Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Tortonian														Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian													Cenozoic 5	Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian														Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian															15.98
																Hemingfordian	16.3
																Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													Cenozoic 4		23.03
		Rupelian															27.82
																Whitneyan	29.5
																Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian													Cenozoic 3	Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian														Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian														Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian														Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian													Cenozoic 2	Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian														Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian														Bridgerian	47.8
																Wasatchian	50.5
																Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian													Cenozoic 1	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian														Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian														Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian														Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian														Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian														Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			Cretaceous 8		66
		Campanian										Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			Cretaceous 7		72.1
		Santonian										Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			Cretaceous 6		83.6
		Coniacian										Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian										Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian										Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			Cretaceous 5		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										Late Albian			Cretaceous 4		100.5
												Middle Albian					106.2 *
												Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian										Late Aptian			Cretaceous 3		113
		Aptian										Early Aptian			Cretaceous 3		119.5 *
		Barremian										Late Barremian/Early Barremian			Cretaceous 2		121.4
		Hauterivian										Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			Cretaceous 2		125.77
		Valanginian										Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			Cretaceous 1		132.6
		Berriasian										Late Berriasian					139.8
												Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
												Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		Jurassic 6		145
		Tithonian										Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		Jurassic 6		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian										Late Kimmeridgian			Jurassic 5		149.2
		Kimmeridgian										Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
			Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
			Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			208.5
			Alaunian			213.2 *
			Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		Triassic 3	227
		Carnian	Julian		Triassic 3	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
			Griesbachian			251.4 *
			Griesbachian			Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4	Kathwai	251.902
							252.4 *
						Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian				Chhidru	Longtanian †	254.14
						Kalabagh		255 *
						Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
								265.3 *
						Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian			Permian 3	Amb		266.9
		Roadian			Permian 3			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2			273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian			Permian 1			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5			298.9
		Kasimovian			Carboniferous 5			303.7
		Moscovian			Carboniferous 4			307
		Bashkirian			Carboniferous 4			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3			323.2
		Visean			Carboniferous 2			330.9
		Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			West Fallsian/Sonyean			Adorf	Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan			Cazenovian	Givetian	Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Southwoodian			Cazenovian	Eifelian	Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian			Helderbergian	Emsian	Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian							Siegen	Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian							Gedinnine	Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									Silurian 2	419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Hirnantian						Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian		Chientangkiangian							Wufeng †		445.2
		Katian		Neichianshanian/Hanjiang									449.5
		Sandbian		Neichianshanian/Hanjiang								Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian						Guniu †/Hulo		Ordovician 3	458.4
		Darriwilian		Darriwilian						Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	Ordovician 3	466.3 *
		Dapingian		Dapingian								Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Yiyangian								Ordovician 2	470
		Tremadocian		Xinchangian								Ordovician 1	477.7
		Tremadocian		Xinchangian							Lianghekou †	Ordovician 1	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Cambrian 5	485.4
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Series 3 †	Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian											Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †						Cambrian 3	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4											Cambrian 3	509
	Series 2	Stage 3											Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											Cambrian 1	529
																	538.8