PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of the Salt Range	Ordovician of Australia	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of North America		South American Land Mammal Ages		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Silurian of England
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Wanganui	Haweran									0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Lujanian		Sheridanian				0.0117
		Chibanian									Sheridanian				0.129
											Cudahyan/Sappan				0.21
									Ensenadan						0.3 *
						Castlecliffian									0.34
		Calabrian													0.774
											Senecan/Rexroadian				1.4
						Nukumaruan									1.63
									Sanandresian	Uquian †					1.7 *
		Gelasian													1.8
		Gelasian				Mangapanian									2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Vorohuean						2.58
									Chapadmalalan						2.9 *
						Waipipian									3
		Zanclean				Waipipian									3.6
						Opoitian			Montehermosan						3.7 *
									Montehermosan		Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				4.7
									Huayquerian						4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian			Taranaki	Kapitean									5.333
		Messinian				Tongaporutuan									7.2
		Tortonian													7.246
									Chasicoan						7.9 *
									Chasicoan		Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				9.4
									Mayoan						9.9 *
									Laventan						10.9 *
					Southland	Waiauan									11.04
		Serravallian													11.63
											late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian				12.5
						Lillburnian									13.05
									Colloncuran						13.7 *
		Langhian													13.82
						Clifdenian									15.1
						Clifdenian			Friasian						15.4 *
					Pareora	Altonian									15.9
		Burdigalian													15.98
									Santacrucian						16.2 *
									Santacrucian		Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				16.3
									Colhuehuapian		Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				17.4 *
											late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			18.5
						Otaian									18.7
		Aquitanian													20.44
									Deseadan						20.9 *
					Landon	Waitakian									21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
												Monroecreekian			23.1 *
												Geringian			24.7 *
						Duntroonian									25.2
						Whaingaroan									27.3
		Rupelian													27.82
									Tinguirirican						28.9 *
															29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian									Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				33.9
					Arnold	Runangan									34.6
						Runangan			Divisaderan						35.9 *
						Kaiatan									36.7
															37
		Bartonian													37.71
						Bortonian									39.1
											Late Uintan/Early Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian													41.2
									Mustersan						41.9 *
			Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
				Heretaungan	45.7
					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian	46.2
		Ypresian				47.8
						Casamayoran	47.9 *
				Mangaorapan			48.9
				Mangaorapan	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean		50.5
				Waipawan	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean		52
				Waipawan			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian		Riochican	Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
						Riochican	Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
						Itaboraian		56.9 *
						Peligran		58.9 *
		Selandian						59.2
		Selandian					To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian						61.6
						Tiupampan		62.4 *
						Tiupampan	Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian				66
		Campanian		Haumurian				72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan				83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan				86.1
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
				Mangaotanean				90.5
				Arowhanan				93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan				93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian				95.2
				Motuan				99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan				100.5
				Urutawan				103.3
			Taitai	Korangan				108.4
		Aptian		Korangan				113
		Aptian						117.5
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Kimmeridgian						Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
								Kawhia	Ohauan	150
									Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Callovian							Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian								168.2
		Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
		Toarcian						Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian							Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian							Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian								192.9
		Hettangian								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian							Warepan	208.5
									Otamitan	217
									Oretian	221
		Carnian							Oretian	227
		Carnian						Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian							Etalian	238
		Anisian							Etalian	242
		Anisian							Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian							Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian							Nelsonian	249
		Induan							Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan						Kathwai	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Kathwai			251.902
											252.4 *
								Chhidru			252.9 *
										Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian			254.14					Waiitian
					Puruhauan					254.2
								Kalabagh		255 *
								Wargal		256 *
										Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Severodvinian				Aparima		Flettian	259.51
		Wordian			Urzhumian							264.28
												265.3 *
											Barettian	266
								Amb				266.1 *
		Roadian			Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9	Amb
		Roadian			Kazanian		Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kungurian		Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
							Irenian/Ufimian	Mangapirian		276
							Filipovian			276.5 *
							Saraninian			280.1 *
		Artinskian			Artinskian		Sarginian			283.5
							Sarginian	Telfordian		285
							Irginian			285.9 *
							Burtsevian			287.8 *
							Burtsevian			288.5
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian		Sterlitamakian			290.1
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian		Tastubian			291.7 *
		Asselian			Asselian		Shikhanian			293.52
							Uskalykian			294.8
				Surenian			297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Adorf				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian	Siegen				407.6
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle				Whitcliffe/Leintwardine				419.2
	Pridoli		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle				Bringewood/Elton				421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	Coalbrookdale				Wenlock (England)/Tickwood				423
		Gorstian									425.6
		Gorstian					Buildwas				426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian					Buildwas				427.4
		Homerian	Wych				Woolhope				428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
		Telychian									436.3 *
		Aeronian									438.5
		Aeronian	Cowleigh Park								439.3 *
		Rhuddanian	Cowleigh Park								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Bolindian									443.8
		Katian	Bolindian									445.2
			Eastonian									449 *
			Gisbornian									452 *
		Sandbian	Gisbornian									453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian									458.4
		Dapingian	Yapeenian									467.3
		Dapingian	Castlemainian									468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Chewtonian									470
			Bendigonian									471.8 *
			Lancefieldian									473.5 *
		Tremadocian	Lancefieldian									477.7
		Tremadocian	Warendian									482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian											Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian											Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian										Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan										Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan										Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Waucoban †						Delamaran	509
		Stage 4										Dyeran	511 *
		Stage 3										Dyeran	514
												Montezuman	514.8 *
												Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
															538.8