PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of the Salt Range	Ordovician of Australia	Mesozoic Subages		Ten Million Year Bins	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Carboniferous Subepochs	Ordovician of Britain				Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Cenozoic 6								0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Tarantian	0.0117
		Chibanian												Ionian	0.129
		Calabrian													0.774
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean													3.6
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Serravallian					Cenozoic 5								11.63
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Cenozoic 4								23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian					Cenozoic 4								27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian					Cenozoic 3								33.9
		Bartonian					Cenozoic 3								37.71
		Lutetian					Cenozoic 2								41.2
		Ypresian					Cenozoic 2								47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Cenozoic 1								56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8								66
		Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		Cretaceous 7								72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Cretaceous 6								83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian		Cretaceous 4								100.5
					Middle Albian										106.2 *
					Early Albian										109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian		Cretaceous 3								113
		Aptian			Early Aptian		Cretaceous 3								119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian		Cretaceous 2								121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2								125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		Cretaceous 1								132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian										139.8
					Middle Berriasian										140.6 *
					Early Berriasian										142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6								145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6								146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5								149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian										152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4								165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian										168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian										168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Jurassic 3								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian										174.7
					Middle Toarcian										180.4 *
					Early Toarcian										182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2								184.2
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1								192.9
		Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Jurassic 1								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					Triassic 4								201.4
		Norian			Sevatian										208.5
					Alaunian										213.2 *
					Lacian										216.7 *
		Carnian			Tuvalian		Triassic 3								227
		Carnian			Julian		Triassic 3								233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian	Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian		242
			Pelsonian		243.8 *
			Bithynian		244.7 *
			Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian		251.2
			Griesbachian		251.4 *
			Griesbachian		Kathwai		251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Permian 4	Kathwai		251.902
							252.4 *
					Chhidru		252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian			Chhidru		254.14
					Kalabagh		255 *
					Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
							265.3 *
					Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian		Permian 3	Amb		266.9
		Roadian		Permian 3			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Permian 2			273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian		Permian 1			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Carboniferous 5			Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian		Carboniferous 5			Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian		Carboniferous 4			Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian		Carboniferous 4			Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Carboniferous 3			Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean		Carboniferous 2			Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian		Carboniferous 1			Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Devonian 5				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Devonian 4				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Devonian 3				Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Devonian 3				Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Devonian 2				Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian		Devonian 1				Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian		Devonian 1				Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1					433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Bolindian		Ordovician 5			Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian								Rawtheyan	445.2
										Cautleyan	448.9 *
				Eastonian						Cautleyan	449 *
										Pusgillian	449.3 *
									Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
										Cheneyan		451.5 *
				Gisbornian						Cheneyan		452 *
										Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian				Ordovician 4						453
											Actonian †	453.2 *
											Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
											Longvillian †		455.2 *
										Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
										Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian		Ordovician 3			Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian		Darriwilian		Ordovician 3				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian		Yapeenian		Ordovician 2				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
				Yapeenian					Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
				Castlemainian									468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Chewtonian									470
				Chewtonian						Whitlandian			471.1 *
				Bendigonian									471.8 *
				Lancefieldian									473.5 *
										Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian				Ordovician 1			Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
			Cressagian							480.8 *
			Cressagian	Warendian						482.8 *
				Warendian						485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Cambrian 5				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan			485.4
		Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian											Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian											Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Cambrian 4				Marjumian			Albertian †	497
		Drumian				Cambrian 4				Marjumian				500.5
		Wuliuan				Cambrian 3				Topazan				504.5
		Wuliuan			Delamaran					506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Delamaran					Waucoban †			509
		Stage 4			Dyeran								511 *
		Stage 3			Dyeran	Cambrian 2							514
					Montezuman								514.8 *
					Begadean								519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				Cambrian 1							529
															538.8