PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of the Salt Range	Carboniferous of North America	Devonian of Eastern North America		Carboniferous Subepochs	Silurian of North America			Cretaceous Subepochs	Cambrian of China		European Faunal Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian												Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean												Ruscinian	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian												Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian												Turolian	7.246
		Tortonian												Vallesian	8.7
		Serravallian												Astaracian	11.63
		Langhian												Astaracian	13.82
		Burdigalian												Orleanian	15.98
		Burdigalian												Agenian	20
		Aquitanian												Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
		Bartonian													37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Ypresian													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian													56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Senonian				66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									Gallic				100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian									Neocomian				125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Pliensbachian													184.2
		Sinemurian													192.9
		Hettangian													199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian													208.5
		Carnian													227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian													237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian													242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian													247.2
		Induan													251.2
		Induan	Kathwai												251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Kathwai												251.902
															252.4 *
			Chhidru												252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian	Chhidru												254.14
			Kalabagh												255 *
			Wargal												256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian													259.51
		Wordian													264.28
															265.3 *
			Amb												266.1 *
		Roadian	Amb												266.9
		Roadian													270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian													273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Virgilian	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian		Missourian		303.7
		Kasimovian		Desmoinesian		305.9 *
		Moscovian		Desmoinesian	Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Moscovian		Atokan	Middle Pennsylvanian	312.7 *
		Bashkirian		Atokan	Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
		Bashkirian		Morrowan	Early Pennsylvanian	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chesterian	Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean		Chesterian	Middle Mississippian	330.9
				Meramecian		335.8 *
				Osagean		343.1 *
		Tournaisian		Osagean	Early Mississippian	346.7
		Tournaisian		Kinderhookian	Early Mississippian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			West Fallsian/Sonyean		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Southwoodian		Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli							Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
										Alexandrian		438.7 *
								Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
											440.7 *
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									443.8
		Katian									445.2
		Sandbian									453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian									467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian									477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian									Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian									Paibian		494
		Paibian									Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian									Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan									Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Duyunian		509
	Series 2	Stage 3									Nangaoian		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									Meishucunian		521
		Fortunian									Meishucunian		529
		Fortunian									Jinnigian		530.7
															538.8