PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Permian of the Salt Range	Carboniferous of China	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Ordovician of the Baltic				Obsolete Names for ICS Units		Mesozoic Subages		Ten Million Year Bins	North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan															Cenozoic 6	Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan																Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian																	0.0042
				Greenlandian																	0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																	0.0117
				Late Pleistocene																Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian																Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian																Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian																Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian																Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian																	1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Tertiary †						2.58
				Zanclean																	3.6
				Zanclean																Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
				Tortonian																	7.246
				Tortonian																Clarendonian	9.4
				Serravallian															Cenozoic 5	Clarendonian	11.63
				Serravallian																Barstovian	12.5
				Langhian																	13.82
				Burdigalian																	15.98
																				Hemingfordian	16.3
																				Arikareean	18.5
				Aquitanian																	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															Cenozoic 4		23.03
				Rupelian																	27.82
																				Whitneyan	29.5
																				Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian															Cenozoic 3	Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian																Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian																Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian																Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian															Cenozoic 2	Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian																Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian																Bridgerian	47.8
																				Wasatchian	50.5
																				Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian															Cenozoic 1	Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian																Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian																Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian																Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian																Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian																Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8		66
				Campanian													Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		Cretaceous 7		72.1
				Santonian													Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Cretaceous 6		83.6
				Coniacian													Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
				Turonian													Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
				Cenomanian													Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian													Late Albian		Cretaceous 4		100.5
																	Middle Albian				106.2 *
																	Early Albian				109.9 *
				Aptian													Late Aptian		Cretaceous 3		113
				Aptian													Early Aptian		Cretaceous 3		119.5 *
				Barremian													Late Barremian/Early Barremian		Cretaceous 2		121.4
				Hauterivian													Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2		125.77
				Valanginian													Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		Cretaceous 1		132.6
				Berriasian													Late Berriasian				139.8
																	Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
																	Early Berriasian				142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Oteke	Puaroan							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6		145
				Tithonian													Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6		146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian													Late Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5		149.2
									Kawhia	Ohauan							Late Kimmeridgian				150
Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *					Ohauan
Early Kimmeridgian					Heterian	154.5
Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
Middle Jurassic			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian	Temaikan		164.3
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			Jurassic 4	165.3
			Bajocian	Late Bajocian				168.2
			Bajocian	Early Bajocian				168.6 *
			Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			Jurassic 3	170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Late Toarcian				174.7
				Late Toarcian	Herangi			Ururoan	176
				Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
				Early Toarcian					182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Jurassic 2		184.2
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Jurassic 2	Aratauran	188.9
			Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			Jurassic 1		192.9
			Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			Jurassic 1		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian			Triassic 4	201.4
			Norian		Warepan		Sevatian		208.5
							Alaunian		213.2 *
							Lacian		216.7 *
					Otamitan				217
					Oretian				221
			Carnian		Oretian		Tuvalian	Triassic 3	227
				Gore	Kaihikuan		Tuvalian		227.5
							Julian		233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian	Triassic 2	237
					Etalian		Longobardian		238
							Fassanian		239.7 *
			Anisian				Illyrian		242
							Pelsonian		243.8 *
							Bithynian		244.7 *
							Aegean		245.5 *
					Malakovian		Aegean		246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian				Spathian	Triassic 1	247.2
							Smithian		248.9 *
					Nelsonian		Smithian		249
			Induan				Dienerian		251.2
							Griesbachian		251.4 *
				Kathwai	DUrville		Griesbachian		Makarewan	251.5 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Kathwai				Permian 4		251.902
										252.4 *
				Chhidru						252.9 *
									Waiitian	253.2
			Wuchiapingian						Waiitian	Longtanian †	254.14
									Puruhauan		254.2
				Kalabagh							255 *
				Wargal							256 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima				Flettian		259.51
			Wordian								264.28
											265.3 *
									Barettian		266
				Amb							266.1 *
			Roadian	Amb				Permian 3			266.9
			Roadian					Permian 3			270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					Permian 2			273.01
			Kungurian						Mangapirian		276
			Artinskian						Mangapirian		283.5
									Telfordian		285
											288.5
			Sakmarian								290.1
			Asselian					Permian 1			293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Carboniferous 5			298.9
			Gzhelian								Xiaodushanian	300 *
			Kasimovian								Xiaodushanian	303.7
			Kasimovian								Dalaun	305.8 *
			Moscovian					Carboniferous 4				307
			Bashkirian			315.2
						Huashibanian					318.5 *
						Lousuan					321.2 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Dewunian		Carboniferous 3			323.2
			Serpukhovian			Shangsian		Carboniferous 3			330.8 *
			Visean			Shangsian		Carboniferous 2			330.9
			Visean			Jiusian		Carboniferous 2			335 *
			Tournaisian			Tangbagouan		Carboniferous 1			346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden			Devonian 5	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf			Devonian 4	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian			Devonian 3	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian			Devonian 3	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian			Devonian 2	393.3
			Pragian					Siegen			Devonian 1	407.6
			Lochkovian					Gedinnine			Devonian 1	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli									Silurian 2	419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
		Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian								Silurian 1	433.4
			Aeronian									438.5
			Rhuddanian									440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Harju	Porkuni	Ordovician 5	443.8
			Katian									Pirgu		445.2
												Vormsi		449.6 *
												Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
											Viru	Rakvere			450.6 *
												Oandu			452 *
			Sandbian									Keila	Idavere †	Ordovician 4	453
												Haljala			453.9
												Kukruse			456.4 *
												Uhaku	Aluoja †		457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									Uhaku		Ordovician 3	458.4
												Lasnamagi			458.9 *
												Aseri			460.4 *
											Oeland	Kunda			462.9 *
Valaste †/Hunderum							464.3 *					Kunda
							Volkhov					Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian				Volkhov						Ordovician 2	467.3
			Dapingian				Billingen							469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian											470
Latorp †														470.1 *
							Hunneberg							473.7 *
			Tremadocian				Hunneberg						Ordovician 1	477.7
							Varangu			481.3 *
							Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Pakerort			Cambrian 5			485.4
													486.3 *
													486.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Series 3 †						Cambrian 4			497
		Drumian								Cambrian 4			500.5
		Wuliuan								Stage 5 †			Cambrian 3	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4											Cambrian 3	509
	Series 2	Stage 3			Cambrian 2				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Cambrian 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			Cambrian 1				529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian †	Poundian †		538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian †	Wonokan †		571.7 *
																					635